The effect of blood sampling method on indicators of physiological stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Säkkinen, H.; Tornbeg, J.; Goddard, P. J.; Eloranta, Eija; Ropstad, Erik; Saarela, Seppo

doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2003.07.002

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Concentrations at one year of age are similar to those observed in one other study in adult sheep under similar conditions (Bloomfield et al 2003a). Given that the ABSE has been extensively trialled in deer to show a stimulatory effect of manual sampling (Goddard et al 1998, Sakkinen et al 2004) then we would suggest that sheep, perhaps less so than deer, do show enhanced HPA axis activity with manual sampling and this explains the higher plasma cortisol at one year in the present study. Clearly, however, this elevated activity is particularly apparent in female offspring that were periconceptionally undernourished.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…No study has examined resting or stimulated HPA axis function in adult offspring following a periconceptional nutritional challenge. Furthermore, in this study, we propose to pilot, in sheep, a novel remote sampling technique (Goddard et al 1998, Sakkinen et al 2004) for characterisation of maternal cortisol concentrations during the period of undernutrition and of resting plasma cortisol in the young offspring to avoid potential artefacts associated with manual restraint and sampling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of periconceptional undernutrition and gender on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in young adult sheep

Gardner¹,

Bon²,

Dandrea

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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Glucocorticoids are proposed to act as intermediary factors that transcribe the developmental programming sequelae of maternal nutrient restriction (NR). Periconceptional undernutrition of sheep markedly activates fetal hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity leading to preterm birth, while transient undernutrition during late gestation in sheep programs adult HPA axis function. To date, no study has examined resting or stimulated HPA axis function in young adult offspring following a periconceptional nutritional challenge. In the present study, 20 ewes were either periconceptionally undernourished (50% metabolisable energy requirements from days 1 to 30 gestation; NR, nZ8) or fed to control levels (100% requirement; controls, nZ12) to term (147 days gestation). Ewes were blood sampled remotely at 2 and 30 days using automated blood sampling equipment. Thereafter, offspring (controls, nZ6/6 males/females; NR, nZ4/4 males/females) were reared to 1 year of age and on separate days received either an i.v. corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH; 0$5 mg/kg) and vasopressin (AVP; 0$1 mg/kg) challenge or a synthetic ACTH i.v. bolus (Synacthen; 1$25 mg/kg), and blood samples were taken (manually and remotely) at appropriate intervals for measurement of plasma ACTH and cortisol accordingly. Resting plasma cortisol, assessed remotely, was similar in ewes during undernutrition (control 18$3G1$4 vs NR 23$4G1$9 nmol/l) and in offspring at 4 months of age (control male 17$6G2$9; control female 17$2G0$4, NR male 16$5G3$1, NR female 21$7G4$0 nmol/l). At 12 months of age, however, resting plasma cortisol was significantly increased in NR females (control male 28$0G1$5, control female 32$9G9, NR male 32G7, NR female 53G10 nmol/l, F 5$7, PZ0$02) despite no difference in plasma ACTH concentration. There was an interaction between nutritional group and gender for both the pituitary and adrenal responses to CRH and AVP, i.e. for controls, females exhibited increased plasma ACTH or cortisol relative to males but for NR this trend was either not present or reversed. The adrenocortical response to synthetic ACTH was gender-dependent only, being greater in female offspring. Combined CRH and AVP provoked a transient hypertension and marked bradycardia in all animals, irrespective of dietary group or gender and could be effectively reproduced by an AVP bolus alone. In conclusion, the present study has shown that periconceptional undernutrition of sheep has only a minor influence on HPA axis function in their young adult offspring when considered alongside the effect of gender per se.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of periconceptional undernutrition and gender on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in young adult sheep

Gardner¹,

Bon²,

Dandrea

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…In this study, the measured plasma cortisol concentrations, particularly in adults [mean = 173.1 (SD = 88.5) ng/ml], clearly indicate an activation of the HPA axis as a result of stress associated with capture in most animals. This assumption is supported by the fact that the plasma cortisol concentrations are within the range and even higher in comparison to other studies reporting cortisol concentrations related to capture and handling (Morton et al, 1995;Ortiz & Worthy, 2000;Suzuki et al, 2002;Säkkinen et al, 2003). The plasma cortisol concentrations were comparable with and even higher than plasma cortisol concentrations reported in experimental studies, where ACTH was used to stimulate the adrenal cortex in order to produce a maximal cortisol response (Van Lier et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Organochlorines Affect the Steroid Hormone Cortisol in Free-Ranging Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard, Norway

Oskam

Ropstad

Lie

et al. 2004

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

101

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Since the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is among the most highly organochlorine-contaminated species of the Arctic mammals, there is growing concern that in addition to the natural stressors in the polar bear's environment, several organochlorines (OCs) may be able to change basic endocrine pathways. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may affect plasma cortisol concentrations and inhibit physiological processes involved in the maintenance of homeostasis in a way that may endanger the animal's health. Between 1995 and 1998, samples were collected from 121 male and 130 female free-ranging polar bears from the Svalbard area. The aim of the study was to investigate relationships between plasma cortisol concentrations, biological factors, and OCs. The variation in plasma cortisol concentrations was determined for the total sample. Axillary girth and body mass together with their interactions explained more than 50% of the variation in the plasma cortisol concentration. The sum of pesticides (Sigma pesticides) combined with the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (Sigma PCBs) and their interactions explained over 25% of the variation in the cortisol concentration. Although Sigma pesticides contributed negatively and Sigma PCBs contributed positively to the variation in the plasma cortisol, the over-all contribution of the OCs to the plasma cortisol variation was negative. Despite the complexity on stress responses and the interactions with environmental factors, this study demonstrated that high concentrations of OCs in polar bears might alter plasma cortisol concentrations.

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“…In red deer, heart rate and bodytemperature were measured by means of subcutaneous surgically implanted transmitters (Giacometti et al, 2001), while the measurement of plasma cortisol levels close to basal concentrations has been achieved by using automatic blood sampling equipments (e.g. : Goddard et al, 1998;Säkkinen et al, 2004).…”

Section: Criteria For Welfare Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare issues of modern deer farming

Mattiello

2009

Italian Journal of Animal Science

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This paper will start with briefly outlining the recent domestication history of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama), followed by a description of the present status of modern deer farming. It will then review the main welfare issues of deer farming. The following aspects will be considered: accommodation and housing, management and handling, nutrition (feed and water provision), transport and slaughter, plus a short mention of velvet harvest. As a summary, the following practices can be recommended to ensure animal welfare in modern deer farming: the adoption of suitable housing systems and of adequate management techniques (e.g. specific handling pens and drop-floor cradles or crushes) and the respect of specific needs (e.g. provision of protection and shelter from predators as well as from climatic extremes, such as cold winds or direct solar radiation). Handling and yarding operations will be easier when they occur in dim light. Special attention must be paid to the manipulation of the newborns. At the slaughterhouse, facilities must be designed specifically for deer. The presence of well trained stockpersons, with a sound knowledge of deer physiology and behaviour, is also a key-factor for improving welfare levels in deer farms. To achieve these aims, training of the managers and stockpersons and the adoption of specific codes of conducts are highly recommendable.

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The effect of blood sampling method on indicators of physiological stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of periconceptional undernutrition and gender on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in young adult sheep

Effect of periconceptional undernutrition and gender on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in young adult sheep

Organochlorines Affect the Steroid Hormone Cortisol in Free-Ranging Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard, Norway

Welfare issues of modern deer farming

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