The Effect of Ball Milling Time on the Isolation of Lignin in the Cell Wall of Different Biomass

Yang, Ge; An, Xueying; Yang, Shilong

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.807625

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…When the grinding time was over 12 h, the extraction rate of ball-milled lignin was no longer significantly improved. Previous studies showed that the extraction rate of ballmilled lignin can be improved by moderately prolonging the milling time[38,39]. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies.…”

supporting

confidence: 92%

A Value-Added Utilization Method of Sugar Production By-Products from Rice Straw: Extraction of Lignin and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2022

Processes

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To value-added utilization of the rice straw, two types of lignin were extracted from the by-products of sugar production. The ether-extracted lignin with a purity of 98.7% was extracted from the pretreatment filtrate with two times the concentrated filtrate volume of ether, where the lignin yield was 6.62 mg/g of the rice straw. The ball-milled lignin with a purity of 99.6% was extracted from the milled enzymatic hydrolysis residue with a 1,4-dioxane solution, where the revolution speed and grinding time were 300 rpm and 12 h, respectively. The yield of ball-milled lignin was 34.52 mg/g of the rice straw, which was 421.5% higher than that extracted from extract-free rice straw. In the process of rice straw pretreatment and lignin extraction, 76.43% by mass of phosphotungstic acid catalyst and approximately 98% by volume of 1,4-dioxane solution could be recycled and reused. Compared with the soda lignin extracted from papermaking black liquor, the scavenging rates of DPPH radical and ABTS+ radical of ether-extracted lignin increased by 36.26% and 41.18%, respectively, while the above scavenging rates of ball-milled lignin increased by 30.22% and 37.75%, respectively. Moreover, the reducing power of the two extracted lignins was also stronger than that of soda lignin. The ether-extracted lignin and ball-milled lignin have the potential to be developed as natural macromolecular antioxidants.

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supporting

confidence: 92%

A Value-Added Utilization Method of Sugar Production By-Products from Rice Straw: Extraction of Lignin and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2022

Processes

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“…Alternatively, mechanical treatment methods, such as ball milling, have been used to reduce the particle size of lignin and eventually affect structural/chemical properties. Ball milling has been mostly used to assist with lignin isolation from biomass [ 84 , 85 ]. In the present study, the pristine kraft lignin was ball milled (BMKL) to primarily decrease its particle size (as discussed below).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kraft (Nano)Lignin as Reactive Additive in Epoxy Polymer Bio-Composites

Pappa,

Cailotto,

Gigli

et al. 2024

Polymers

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The demand for high-performance bio-based materials towards achieving more sustainable manufacturing and circular economy models is growing significantly. Kraft lignin (KL) is an abundant and highly functional aromatic/phenolic biopolymer, being the main side product of the pulp and paper industry, as well as of the more recent 2nd generation biorefineries. In this study, KL was incorporated into a glassy epoxy system based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and an amine curing agent (Jeffamine D-230), being utilized as partial replacement of the curing agent and the DGEBA prepolymer or as a reactive additive. A D-230 replacement by pristine (unmodified) KL of up to 14 wt.% was achieved while KL–epoxy composites with up to 30 wt.% KL exhibited similar thermo-mechanical properties and substantially enhanced antioxidant properties compared to the neat epoxy polymer. Additionally, the effect of the KL particle size was investigated. Ball-milled kraft lignin (BMKL, 10 μm) and nano-lignin (NLH, 220 nm) were, respectively, obtained after ball milling and ultrasonication and were studied as additives in the same epoxy system. Significantly improved dispersion and thermo-mechanical properties were obtained, mainly with nano-lignin, which exhibited fully transparent lignin–epoxy composites with higher tensile strength, storage modulus and glass transition temperature, even at 30 wt.% loadings. Lastly, KL lignin was glycidylized (GKL) and utilized as a bio-based epoxy prepolymer, achieving up to 38 wt.% replacement of fossil-based DGEBA. The GKL composites exhibited improved thermo-mechanical properties and transparency. All lignins were extensively characterized using NMR, TGA, GPC, and DLS techniques to correlate and justify the epoxy polymer characterization results.

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“…Based on the previously reported results [ 23 ], a protocol based on the use of ChCl:LA2 as DES was adopted for the recovery of lignin from the selected nut shells. Before extraction, the latter were finely minced with the aid of a ball mill with the aim of improving the extraction yields by both increasing the surface area and cleaving glycosidic bonds and β-O-4 bonds of lignin components [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], also resulting in the liberation of phenolic hydroxyl groups and hence, boosting of the antioxidant properties. Subsequent extraction was performed at 120 °C for 24 h, allowing for the recovery lignins in the form of brown/black powders by simple precipitation, centrifugation, and lyophilization.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Lignins with Potent Antioxidant Properties from Shells of Edible Nuts by a Green Ball Milling/Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-Based Protocol

et al. 2022

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Lignins are phenolic polymers endowed with potent antioxidant properties that are finding increasing applications in a variety of fields. Consequently, there is a growing need for easily available and sustainable sources, as well as for green extraction methodologies of these compounds. Herein, a ball milling/deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based treatment is reported as an efficient strategy for the recovery of antioxidant lignins from the shells of edible nuts, namely chestnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts, pecan nuts, and pistachios. In particular, preliminarily ball-milled shells were treated with 1:2 mol/mol choline chloride:lactic acid at 120 °C for 24 h, and the extracted material was recovered in 19–27% w/w yields after precipitation by the addition of 0.01 M HCl. Extensive spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis allowed for confirmation that the main phenolic constituents present in the shell extracts were lignins, accompanied by small amounts (0.9% w/w) of ellagic acid, in the case of chestnut shells. The recovered samples exhibited very promising antioxidant properties, particularly in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (EC50 values ranging from 0.03 to 0.19 mg/mL). These results open new perspectives for the valorization of nut shells as green sources of lignins for applications as antioxidants, e.g., in the biomedical, food, and/or cosmetic sector.

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The Effect of Ball Milling Time on the Isolation of Lignin in the Cell Wall of Different Biomass

Cited by 12 publications

References 57 publications

A Value-Added Utilization Method of Sugar Production By-Products from Rice Straw: Extraction of Lignin and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity

A Value-Added Utilization Method of Sugar Production By-Products from Rice Straw: Extraction of Lignin and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity

Kraft (Nano)Lignin as Reactive Additive in Epoxy Polymer Bio-Composites

Recovery of Lignins with Potent Antioxidant Properties from Shells of Edible Nuts by a Green Ball Milling/Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-Based Protocol

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