“…Various large deformation numerical methods have been developed and used to explore pipe-soil interaction, based on traditional finite element methods or the recently developed meshfree/particle methods. The former category includes the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach [26,27], the sequential limit analysis (SLA) approach [28][29][30], and the Remeshing and Interpolation Technique with Small Strain (RITSS) method [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] which falls in the category of Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach [39,40]. Wang et al [26] compared the performance of CEL, RITSS, and an efficient ALE (EALE) approach, concluding that for quasi-static problems with contact interfaces, the CEL model required smaller elements, so greater number of degrees of freedom, to achieve comparable accuracy of Lagrangian-based approaches (i.e., RITSS and EALE).…”