The effect of atrazine, 2,4-D, methoxychlor, carbaryl and diazinon on the growth of planktonic algae

Butler, Gavin L.; Deason, Temd R.; O'Kelley, Joseph C.

doi:10.1080/00071617500650391

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It may be particularly sensitive to herbicides because its embryos have a symbiotic relationship with a green alga (Oophila amblystomatis; Orr 1888; Pinder andFriet 1994, Savage andZamudio 2005), and atrazine is known to be highly toxic to algae (Butler et al 1975). A similar relationship occurs in several species of amphibians, including at least the salamanders Ambystoma gracile, A. jeffersonianum, A. maculatum, A. tigrinum and the frog Rana sylvatica (Bachmann et al 1986;Gilbert 1942Gilbert , 1944Marco and Blaustein 2000;Pinder and Friet 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Atrazine is highly toxic to both amphibians and algae (Boone and James 2003;Butler et al 1975;Hayes et al 2002Hayes et al , 2003Rohr et al 2004), and hence is likely to disrupt the symbiotic relationship between spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum, and their symbiotic alga, Oophila amblystomatis. In this study, we tested whether exposure to atrazine adversely affects the growth of the alga and embryonic development of spotted salamanders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga

Olivier

Moon

2009

Ecotoxicology

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Worldwide amphibian declines have been a concern for biologists for the past several decades. The causes of such declines may include habitat loss, invasive species, pathogens, and man-made chemicals. Agricultural herbicides, in particular, are known to interfere with reproduction in amphibians and are likely contributing to population declines. We tested the effects of the herbicide atrazine on developing spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) and their symbiotic green alga Oophila amblystomatis. We exposed spotted salamander egg masses to atrazine at concentrations of 0 microg/L (control), 50, 100, 200, and 400 microg/L. Algae were eliminated in all atrazine treatments. Hatching success was significantly lower for atrazine-treated egg masses than for the controls, and was inversely related to atrazine concentration. The highest developmental stage reached by the embryos was significantly lower in the atrazine treatments than in the controls, and was inversely related to atrazine concentration. These results indicate that atrazine exposure affected spotted salamanders both directly by causing pathologies and mortality in embryos and indirectly by eliminating their symbiotic alga.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga

Olivier

Moon

2009

Ecotoxicology

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“…The organophosphate diazinon inhibited growth of cyanobacteria at concentrations of 400 000 and 500 000 µg L −1 (Singh, 1973). Although also at concentrations greater than would be expected in the environment, diazinon was toxic to planktonic algae at 10 000 µg L −1 (Butler, Deason, and O'Kelley, 1975). Parathion inhibited reproduction in Chlorella fusca at concentrations of 7860 µg L −1 (Faust et al, 1994).…”

Section: Specific Effects Of Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At environmentally relevant concentrations, carbaryl had an EC 50 ranging from 5000–14 000 µg L −1 for green algae and cyanobacteria (Ma et al, 2006). Carbaryl inhibited carbon uptake in diatoms and green algae at concentrations ranging from 100–100 000 µg L −1 (Ukeles, 1962), and, at concentrations exceeding environmental relevance (25 000 µg L −1 ) was toxic to planktonic algae (Butler, Deason, and O'Kelley, 1975). Carbaryl and carbofuran exhibited direct toxicity to phytoplankton species at 3667 and 667 µg L −1 , respectively (Peterson et al, 1994), and carbofuran had an environmentally relevant EC 50 ranging from 13 000 to 281 000 µg L −1 for certain species of green algae and cyanobacteria (Ma et al, 2006).…”

Section: Specific Effects Of Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), at concentrations both in the environmentally relevant range, 3.6–36 µg L −1 , and above, 200–600 µg L −1 , inhibited photosynthesis in marine algae (Lee, Fang, and Freed, 1976; Ukeles, 1962). Mirex and methoxychlor, at environmentally relevant concentrations of 100 µg L −1 , also inhibited growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Kricher, Urey, and Hawes, 1975), although methoxychlor at 10 µg L −1 had no effect on certain species of green algae and cyanobacteria, likely as a result of the reduced concentration (Butler, Deason, and O'Kelley, 1975). All other studies reviewed utilized organochlorine concentrations exceeding environmentally relevant concentrations.…”

Section: Specific Effects Of Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems

Staley

Harwood

Rohr

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Pesticides are a pervasive presence in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. While pesticides are intended to control fungi, insects, and other pests, their mechanisms of action are often not specific enough to prevent unintended effects, such as on non-target microbial populations. Microorganisms, including algae and cyanobacteria, protozoa, aquatic fungi, and bacteria, form the basis of many food webs and are responsible for crucial aspects of biogeochemical cycling; therefore, the potential for pesticides to alter microbial community structures must be understood to preserve ecosystem services. This review examines studies that focused on direct population-level effects and indirect community-level effects of pesticides on microorganisms. Generally, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides were found to have adverse direct effects on algal and fungal species. Insecticides and fungicides also had deleterious direct effects in the majority of studies examining protozoa species, although herbicides were found to have inconsistent direct effects on protozoans. Our synthesis revealed mixed or no direct effects on bacterial species among all pesticide categories, with results highly dependent on the target species, chemical, and concentration used in the study. Examination of community-level, indirect effects revealed that all pesticide categories had a tendency to reduce higher trophic levels, thereby diminishing top-down pressures and favoring lower trophic levels. Often, indirect effects exerted greater influence than direct effects. However, few studies have been conducted to specifically address community-level effects of pesticides on microorganisms and further research is necessary to better understand and predict the net effects of pesticides on ecosystem health.

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Impact of methoxychlor on freshwater communities of plankton in limnocorrals

Stephenson

Kaushik

Solomon

et al. 1986

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Aquatic enclosures, or limnocorrals (5 × 5 × 5 m deep), installed in a 10‐ha mesotrophic lake in southern Ontario were used to evaluate the impact of four concentrations of methoxychlor (300 and 3 μg/L in 1981, and 50 and 5 μg/L in 1982) on plankton communities. Methoxychlor was acutely toxic at 300 μg/L to both the macrozooplankton (Cladocera and Copepoda) and microzooplankton (Rotifera). No recovery in macrozooplankton numbers was observed by the end of the experiment (119 d); however, densities of microzooplankton had recovered by 52 d to levels similar to those in control corrals. Changes in species composition of the microzooplankton community were such that the replicate corrals no longer contained similar rotifer populations. Methoxychlor at 50 μg/L was toxic to all Cladocera, copepod nauplii and copepodites, and the Chlorophyta. Even at this concentration, numbers of Cladocera did not recover to levels similar to those in the control corrals by the end of the experiment (145 d); however, nauplii and copepodites recovered by 55 and 100 d, respectively. Numbers of Chlorophyta were significantly lowered by 50 μg methoxychlor/L (p %le; 0.05). The observed numerical recovery at 41 d was due primarily to an increase in the density of Kurchneriella lunaris. The biomass of this group remained low in these treated corrals because, despite its numerical increase, K. lunaris contributed little to chlorophyte biomass. Although 5 μg methoxychlor/L was toxic only to Cladocera and copepodites, recovery occurred within 20 d. Methoxychlor at 3 μg/L had no observable effects on density of plankton or on community structure. The responses to methoxychlor of the various groups of plankton generally appear to be exposure‐dependent, with Cladocera and Chlorophyta exhibiting the greatest sensitivity.

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The effect of atrazine, 2,4-D, methoxychlor, carbaryl and diazinon on the growth of planktonic algae

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga

The effects of atrazine on spotted salamander embryos and their symbiotic alga

A synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems

Impact of methoxychlor on freshwater communities of plankton in limnocorrals

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