The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight

Blackburn, George L.; Kanders, Beatrice S.; Lavin, Philip T.; Keller, San; Whatley, Janet

doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.2.409

Cited by 171 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The outcome of those studies, though, does not differ overall from studies in which participants were not blinded to the intervention (e.g., 39,55) , indicating that in the context of attempted weight loss the effect of LCS is not undermined by awareness of LCS consumption. However, further research would be useful.…”

Section: Conjecture: Exposure To Sweetness Increases Desire For Sweetmentioning

confidence: 91%

The role of low-calorie sweeteners in the prevention and management of overweight and obesity: evidence v. conjecture

Rogers

2017

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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By virtue of reducing dietary energy density, low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) can be expected to decrease overall energy intake and thereby decrease body weight. Such effects will be limited by the amount of sugar replaced by LCS, and the dynamics of appetite and weight control (e.g., acute compensatory eating, and an increase in appetite and decrease in energy expenditure accompanying weight loss). Consistent with these predictions, short-term intervention studies show incomplete compensation for the consumption of LCS v. sugar, and longer-term intervention studies (from 4 weeks to 40 months duration) show small decreases in energy intake and body weight with LCS v. sugar. Despite this evidence, there are claims that LCS undermine weight management. Three claims are that: (1) LCS disrupt the learned control of energy intake (sweet taste confusion hypothesis); (2) exposure to sweetness increases desire for sweetness (sweet tooth hypothesis); (3) consumers might consciously overcompensate for ‘calories saved’ when they know they are consuming LCS (conscious overcompensation hypothesis). None of these claims stands up to close examination. In any case, the results of the intervention studies comparing LCS v. sugar indicate that the effect of energy dilution outweighs any tendency LCS might conceivably have to increase energy intake.

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Section: Conjecture: Exposure To Sweetness Increases Desire For Sweetmentioning

confidence: 91%

The role of low-calorie sweeteners in the prevention and management of overweight and obesity: evidence v. conjecture

Rogers

2017

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Long-term studies comparing the impact of sugars and intense sweeteners on energy intakes are extremely limited (Table 4) (Porikos et al, 1977;Kanders et al, 1988;Tordoff and Alleva, 1990b;Blackburn et al, 1997;Raben et al, 2002). One early study conducted in a metabolic ward over 24 days (Porikos et al, 1982) showed that male subjects increased their energy intakes, compensating for some (40%) of the missing sucrose energy.…”

Section: Clinical Studies Of Intense Sweeteners and Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a later study (Blackburn et al, 1997), 163 obese women were placed on a 1500 kcal/day diet. One group was specifically encouraged to use aspartame-sweetened foods and beverages during the active weight loss phase (16 weeks), a 1-year maintenance program, and a 2-year follow-up period; the other group was asked to abstain.…”

Section: Clinical Studies Of Intense Sweeteners and Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, it may be difficult to prevent sweetener use over a long period of time in a participant who has been randomized to a no sweetener group. Out of dozens of works dealing with intense sweeteners' role in human nutrition, the meta-analysis addressed 15 RCTs with 24-h intake data (Porikos et al, 1977(Porikos et al, , 1982Foltin et al, 1988Foltin et al, , 1990Evans, 1989Evans, , 1992Mattes, 1990a;Tordoff and Alleva, 1990b;Naismith and Rhodes, 1995;Blackburn et al, 1997;Gatenby et al, 1997;Lavin et al, 1997;Reid and Hammersley, 1998;Raben et al, 2002;Van Wymelbeke et al, 2004) and nine RCTs with body weight data (Porikos et al, 1977(Porikos et al, , 1982Tordoff and Alleva, 1990b;Kanders et al, 1990;Naismith and Rhodes, 1995;Blackburn et al, 1997;Gatenby et al, 1997;Reid and Hammersley, 1998;Raben et al, 2002). These RCTs showed considerable variations in their design, study population, duration and type of control.…”

Section: The Use Of Intense Sweeteners In the Free-living Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

2007

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Replacing sugar with low-calorie sweeteners is a common strategy for facilitating weight control. By providing sweet taste without calories, intense sweeteners help lower energy density of beverages and some foods. Reduced dietary energy density should result in lower energy intakes -but are the energy reduction goals, in fact, achieved? The uncoupling of sweetness and energy, afforded by intense sweeteners, has been the focus of numerous studies over the past two decades. There are recurring arguments that intense sweeteners increase appetite for sweet foods, promote overeating, and may even lead to weight gain. Does reducing energy density of sweet beverages and foods have a measurable impact on appetite and energy intakes, as examined both in short-term studies and over a longer period? Can reductions in dietary energy density achieved with intense sweeteners really affect body weight control? This paper reviews evidence from laboratory, clinical and epidemiological studies in the context of current research on energy density, satiety and the control of food intake.

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“…A later clinical study (Blackburn et al, 1997) recruited obese women for a multidisciplinary 17-month weight control program. A total of 163 women were randomly assigned to one of two groups, being asked either to abstain from or to freely consume aspartame-sweetened foods and beverages during the weight loss phase (16 weeks), a 1-y maintenance program, and a 2-y follow-up period.…”

Section: Control Of Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intense sweeteners and energy density of foods: implications for weight control

Drewnowski

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Energy density of foods, as opposed to their sugar or fat content, is said to be a key determinant of energy intakes. Recent laboratory studies have shown that, under ad lib conditions, subjects consume a constant weight or volume of food, so that their energy intakes depend on the energy density of the diet. Because low energydensity foods provide fewer calories per eating bout, they should Ð in theory Ð lead to reduced energy intakes and therefore weight loss. However, there is some question whether energy-dilute foods are as palatable as the more energy-dense foods. Generally high energy density equals high palatability and vice versa. Intense sweeteners represent an exception to the rule, since they maintain sweetness while reducing energy density. While many studies have explored the effects of intense sweeteners on short-term regulation of food intake, fewer studies have addressed the effectiveness of intense sweeteners in reducing energy density for weight control. Issues of energy density, palatability, and satiety, as applied to intense sweeteners are the topic of this review. Descriptors: Energy density; palatibility; satiation; intense sweeteners IntroductionHuman obesity is the outcome of excess energy intake and insuf®cient energy expenditure (West & York, 1998). Studies of dietary factors in obesity have mostly focused on intakes of sugar and fat and on the nutrient composition of the diet (Lissner & Heitmann, 1995;Bray & Popkin, 1998). At one time or another, obesity was associated with excessive consumption of fat (Lissner & Heitmann, 1995), sugar (Harnack et al, 1999), starches (Stubbs et al, 1997), or even protein (Parizkova & Rolland-Cachera, 1997). However, the percentage of energy from a given nutrient, as opposed to total calories, may not be the primary cause of obesity. The contribution of dietary fat to obesity has been sharply questioned (Willett, 1998) and it is unclear that any single nutrient is to blame. Research attention is turning toward a new dietary variable: energy density, de®ned as the amount of available energy per unit weight ). An increasing number of studies now address energy density of foods and the mean energy density of the diet Rolls et al, 1999;Drewnowski, 1998).Energy density, as opposed to the macronutrient content of foods, is increasingly viewed as the key factor in the regulation of food intake Rolls et al, 1999;Drewnowski, 1998). Under ad libitum conditions, laboratory subjects appear to consume a roughtly constant weight of food, as opposed to a constant amount of energy . In theory then, selecting foods with low energy-density ought to lead to lower energy intakes and therefore weight loss. However, not all researchers agree that the volume of food consumed is, in fact constant, or that the regulation of food intake in real life involves modulating energy density, as opposed to the weight or volume of foods.Nonetheless, lowering energy density of foods is viewed as a viable option for obesity treatment (Rolls et al, 1999). Obese women, thought to consume ex...

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The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight

Cited by 171 publications

References 25 publications

The role of low-calorie sweeteners in the prevention and management of overweight and obesity: evidence v. conjecture

The role of low-calorie sweeteners in the prevention and management of overweight and obesity: evidence v. conjecture

Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

Intense sweeteners and energy density of foods: implications for weight control

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