The effect of area deprivation on COVID-19 risk in Louisiana

Kc, Madhav; Oral, Evrim; Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne; Rung, Ariane L.; Peters, Edward S.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243028

Cited by 82 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…A second important risk factor in this study was the relative presence of home for rent in a census section. In our opinion, and as reported by others [13], this could be an indirect socioeconomic deprivation indicator quantifying the magnitude of geographically determined social inequalities in health. For this reason, it should be interpretated according to two other variables that have a similar meaning as residents with university degree and residents with secondary level education.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Socio-Demographic Factors Involved in a Low-Incidence Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Spread in Sicily, Italy

et al. 2021

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Background: The present study analysed SARS-CoV-2 cases observed in Sicily and investigated social determinants that could have an impact on the virus spread. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 cases observed among Sicilian residents between the 1 February 2020 and 15 October 2020 have been included in the analyses. Age, sex, date of infection detection, residency, clinical outcomes, and exposure route have been evaluated. Each case has been linked to the census section of residency and its socio-demographic data. Results: A total of 10,114 patients (202.3 cases per 100,000 residents; 95% CI = 198.4–206.2) were analysed: 45.4% were asymptomatic and 3.62% were deceased during follow-up. Asymptomatic or mild cases were more frequent among young groups. A multivariable analysis found a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 cases was found in census sections with higher male prevalence (adj-OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.99–0.99; p < 0.001) and presence of immigrants (adj-OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.86–0.92; p < 0.001). Proportion of residents aged <15 years, residents with a university degree, residents with secondary education, extra-urban mobility, presence of home for rent, and presence of more than five homes per building were found to increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 incidence. Conclusion: Routinely collected socio-demographic data can be predictors of SARS-CoV-2 risk infection and they may have a role in mapping high risk micro-areas for virus transmission.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Socio-Demographic Factors Involved in a Low-Incidence Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Spread in Sicily, Italy

et al. 2021

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“…This social determinant may similarly play a role in higher AI/AN COVID-19 infections in non-CHSDA counties, as urban Indians are also more likely to live in households that lack plumbing facilities [ 26 ]. Living in lower SES communities is associated with worse health, including higher risk of COVID-19 [ 44 ]. The COVID-19 infection disparity for AI/ANs may be explained in part by the fact that AI/ANs, both living on reservations or in urban areas, tend to live in more impoverished neighborhoods than White-nHs [ 26 , 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Community-Level Factors on Disparities in COVID-19 Infection Among American Indian/Alaska Native Veterans

Wong

Upchurch

Steers

et al. 2021

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Objectives American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities have been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study examines whether neighborhood characteristics mediate AI/AN versus White-non-Hispanic Veteran COVID-19 infection disparities, and whether mediation differs based on proximity to reservations. Methods Using Veteran Health Administration’s (VHA) national database of VHA users evaluated for COVID-19 infection (3/1/2020–8/25/2020), we examined whether census tract neighborhood characteristics (percent households overcrowded, without complete plumbing, without kitchen plumbing, and neighborhood socioeconomic status [n-SES]) mediated racial disparities in COVID-19 infection, using inverse odds-weighted logistic models controlling for individual-level characteristics. Using moderated mediation analyses, we assessed whether neighborhood mediating effects on disparities differed for those residing in counties containing/near federally recognized tribal lands (i.e., Contract Health Service Delivery Area [CHSDA] counties) versus not. Results The percent of households without complete plumbing, percent without kitchen plumbing, and n-SES partially mediated AI/AN-White-non-Hispanic COVID-19 infection disparities (accounting for 17–35% of disparity) to a similar extent in CHSDA and non-CHSDA counties. The percent of households without kitchen plumbing had stronger mediating effects for CHSDA than non-CHSDA residents. Conclusions Neighborhood-level social determinants of health may contribute to the disproportionate COVID-19 infection burden on AI/ANs; differences are exacerbated among AI/ANs living near reservations.

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“…In a study of 158 counties in 10 U.S. metropolitan areas with early COVID-19 surges, the higher the proportion of the non-White population, the higher the incidence and mortality from COVID-19-a gradient that was steeper in poorer Environmental Health Perspectives 075001-2 129(7) July 2021 counties (Adhikari et al 2020). A census tract-level study in Louisiana found that people in the most deprived neighborhoods had a nearly 40% higher risk of contracting COVID-19 than those in the least deprived neighborhoods (KC et al 2020). Similar results emerged in studies in numerous locations (Andersen et al 2021;Bilal et al 2021;Das et al 2021;De Ridder et al 2021;Emeruwa et al 2020;Hu et al 2021a;Lewis et al 2020;Nguyen et al 2020;Scannell Bryan et al 2021).…”

Section: Poverty and Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health

Frumkin

2021

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: Since the dawn of cities, the built environment has both affected infectious disease transmission and evolved in response to infectious diseases. COVID-19 illustrates both dynamics. The pandemic presented an opportunity to implement health promotion and disease prevention strategies in numerous elements of the built environment. OBJECTIVES: This commentary aims to identify features of the built environment that affect the risk of COVID-19 as well as to identify elements of the pandemic response with implications for the built environment (and, therefore, for long-term public health). DISCUSSION: Built environment risk factors for COVID-19 transmission include crowding, poverty, and racism (as they manifest in housing and neighborhood features), poor indoor air circulation, and ambient air pollution. Potential long-term implications of COVID-19 for the built environment include changes in building design, increased teleworking, reconfigured streets, changing modes of travel, provision of parks and greenspace, and population shifts out of urban centers. Although it is too early to predict with confidence which of these responses may persist, identifying and monitoring them can help health professionals, architects, urban planners, and decision makers, as well as members of the public, optimize healthy built environments during and after recovery from the pandemic.

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The effect of area deprivation on COVID-19 risk in Louisiana

Cited by 82 publications

References 42 publications

Socio-Demographic Factors Involved in a Low-Incidence Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Spread in Sicily, Italy

Socio-Demographic Factors Involved in a Low-Incidence Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Spread in Sicily, Italy

The Role of Community-Level Factors on Disparities in COVID-19 Infection Among American Indian/Alaska Native Veterans

COVID-19, the Built Environment, and Health

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