The Effect of Antifeedants against the Level of Biogenic Amines in the Central Nervous System of the Lepidopteran Insect (Spodoptera litura)

Impact of sesquiterpenes from Inula racemosa (Asteraceae) on growth, development and nutrition of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…63,64 A GABA-mediated antifeedant effect of terpenes has been reported for chrysomelids, aphids and lepidopterans. 65,66 Although sesquiterpene lactones have been shown to work as antifeedants, they also affect the insect's metabolism and central nervous system 67,68 and show a varying degree of toxicity. The toxicity of both the compounds is evident from significant reduction in ECD and ECI values when the larvae were fed on diet amended with both the sesquiterpenes.…”

Structure-Function Relationships Affecting the Insecticidal and Miticidal Activity of Sugar Esters

“…azadirachtin, stimulating deterrent receptors in a number of herbivorous insects while suppressing sugar and inositol receptors in others (Schoonhoven 1988). The link between stimulation of these receptors and the antifeedant response has not been elucidated, although it has been reported that biogenic amines may be involved (Ikemoto et al 1995;Omar et al 1982). …”

Sesquiterpenoids Lactones: Benefits to Plants and People

“…Much work on the antifeedant effects has been carried out using caterpillars as the model species (Isman 2002) and suggests a lack of long term efficacy in these compounds, referring to the ability of insects to desensitize to antifeedants, though these could be limited by the use of a laboratory setting rather than more natural field environment, where insects, especially flying insects, are more likely to move on to other plants rather than continue to eat the same deterrent-containing plant. Isman defines an antifeedant as “A behaviour modifying substance that deters feeding through a direct action on peripheral sensillia in insects”, although sesquiterpene lactones have been shown to work as antifeedants by more direct mechanisms than simply tasting bad; they also affect the insect’s metabolism and CNS [106,107] and show varying degrees of toxicity. Conversely, some sesquiterpenes, such as α-farnesene, responsible for the characteristic smell of apples, attract animal feedants such as birds, and in doing so aid the spread of seeds, though despite this, α-farnesene is still a potent insecticide even at the levels at which it is produced.…”