The effect of anodizing temperature on structural features and hexagonal arrangement of nanopores in alumina synthesized by two-step anodizing in oxalic acid

Zaraska, Leszek; Stępniowski, Wojciech J.; Ciepiela, Eryk; Sulka, Grzegorz D.

doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2013.02.056

Cited by 91 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…What is more, the D c obtained for second step of anodization on low-purity aluminum was higher than on high-purity aluminum for all studied potentials. Many papers [37][38][39][40] proved that interpore distance are affected by type and concentration of electrolyte, applied voltage and reaction temperature. Although Kim et al [41] analyzed the impact of purity of aluminum on the interpore distance showing no effect, but the difference with purity of aluminum was rather slight (99.999% Al was comparable with 99.8% Al), thus any alloying element effect was negligible in this case.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of nanopores arrangement of anodic alumina layers synthesized on low-(AA1050) and high-purity aluminum by two-step anodizing in sulfuric acid with addition of ethylene glycol at low temperature

2016

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In this work the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) was produced by two-step self-organized anodization of two classes purity aluminum in 0.3 M sulfuric acid aqueous solution with addition of ethylene glycol as the solution modifier. The arrangement analysis method based on fast Fourier transforms was applied to characterize the porous arrays ordering. The quality, arrangement, circularity and regularity of nanoporous AAO formed on the low-purity (AA1050) and high-purity aluminum were investigated in details. It was found that the regularity of the nanopores ordering obtained on low-purity aluminum at applied experimental conditions was extraordinarily high while compared to the data published previously. The relation between the structural features of nanopores as well as aluminum concaves ordering obtained in two-step anodization process depending on the step of reaction, was analyzed. It was proven that purity of anodizing aluminum influence the interpore distance, wherein the purer aluminum the smaller interpore distance. The observed phenomenon was discussed in details in accordance with intrinsic mechanism. Furthermore, there are no simple relations between regularity ratio of obtained nanostructures and the step of anodizing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of nanopores arrangement of anodic alumina layers synthesized on low-(AA1050) and high-purity aluminum by two-step anodizing in sulfuric acid with addition of ethylene glycol at low temperature

2016

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“…Oxalic acid is the simplest dicarboxylic acid with a short chain and low dissociation constants, and oxalic acid anodizing has been widely investigated by many research groups [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. Although oxalic acid is relatively expensive compared with sulfuric acid, oxalic acid anodizing is also widely used for industrial applications.…”

Section: Organic Carboxylic Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, highly ordered anodic porous oxides through the top surface to the bottom interface cannot be obtained via a simple anodizing method. The quantitative arrangement analysis of the porous oxide can be achieved by fast Fourier transform of the microscope images [44,45,64,65,[120][121][122][123][124]. To produce a highly ordered porous oxide with whole vertical regions, the following two-step anodizing method is available: a) first anodizing, b) selective dissolution of the anodic oxide in a CrO 3 /H 3 PO 4 solution at a high temperature, and c) second anodizing using the well-ordered template aluminum, fabricated by steps a) and b), as described in Fig.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Highly Ordered Porous Aluminum Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

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Anodizing of aluminum and its alloys is widely investigated and used for corrosion protection, electronic devices, and micro-/nanostructure fabrication. Anodizing of aluminum in acidic solutions causes formation of porous aluminum oxide films, which consists of numerous hexagonal cells perpendicular to the aluminum substrate, and each cell has nanoscale pores at its center. Recently, highly ordered porous aluminum oxide has been widely investigated for various novel nanoapplications. In this review article, we introduce the fundamentals of anodic oxide films including barrier and porous oxides. Then, we summarize the electrolyte species used so far for porous oxide fabrication and describe the self-ordering conditions during anodizing in these electrolyte solutions. Fabrication of highly ordered porous oxides through the vertical section can be achieved by a two-step anodizing and nanoimprint technique. Various nanoapplications based on the ordered porous oxide are also introduced.

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“…2,3,13 In self-ordered anodizing, the regularity of the pore arrangement in the porous structure can be accurately determined by a quantitative analysis based on Fourier transformation. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Sulfuric, oxalic, and phosphoric acids were found early and have been commonly used as the standard self-ordering electrolytes to date. 13,20,21 However, the cell size of these ordered porous alumina is limited to the following narrow nanometer-scale regions: 50-60 nm in sulfuric acid, 100 nm in oxalic acid, and 405-500 nm in phosphoric acid.…”

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Self-Ordered Aluminum Anodizing in Phosphonoacetic Acid and Its Structural Coloration

Takenaga

Kikuchi

Natsui

2015

ECS Solid State Letters

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Ordered anodic porous alumina with large-scale periodicity was fabricated via phosphonoacetic acid anodizing. Aluminum specimens were anodized in a 0.1-0.9 M phosphonoacetic acid solution under various electrochemical operating conditions, and optimum anodizing at 205-225 V exhibited self-ordering growth of the porous alumina. These self-ordering voltages during phosphonoacetic acid anodizing filled an undiscovered vacant region in the linear relationship between the self-ordering voltage and the cell diameter. The nanostructured aluminum surface formed via self-ordering phosphonoacetic acid anodizing produced a bright structural coloration with a visible light wavelength of 500-700 nm, which is useful for optical nanoapplications. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0021508ssl] All rights reserved. Self-ordered anodic porous alumina possesses a well-defined periodic porous structure with numerous nanopores that have high aspect ratios. [1][2][3] This characteristic nanoporous material is widely used for various novel nanoapplications, including electronic, optical, and sensing devices. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Ordered porous alumina can be fabricated by electrochemical anodizing in several acidic electrolyte solutions under appropriate experimental conditions such as concentration and applied voltage. The periodical size of the obtained ordered porous alumina, defined as the "cell size" or "interpore distance", is typically determined by the electrolyte species used.2,3,13 In self-ordered anodizing, the regularity of the pore arrangement in the porous structure can be accurately determined by a quantitative analysis based on Fourier transformation.14-19 Sulfuric, oxalic, and phosphoric acids were found early and have been commonly used as the standard self-ordering electrolytes to date. 13,20,21 However, the cell size of these ordered porous alumina is limited to the following narrow nanometer-scale regions: 50-60 nm in sulfuric acid, 100 nm in oxalic acid, and 405-500 nm in phosphoric acid.13 Therefore, the identification of novel electrolytes for self-ordered porous alumina with different cell sizes has been a recent challenge to extensively expand the nano-periodicity. Additional dicarboxylic acids with a large molecular structure, malonic and tartaric acids, for the fabrication of anodic porous alumina were reported by Ono et al., and self-ordering was achieved by anodizing with these acids for 300 and 500 nm intervals, respectively. Particularly, etidronic acid anodizing exhibited large-scale self-ordering behavior measuring 530-670 nm in cell diameter. Eti...

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The effect of anodizing temperature on structural features and hexagonal arrangement of nanopores in alumina synthesized by two-step anodizing in oxalic acid

Cited by 91 publications

References 34 publications

Characterization of nanopores arrangement of anodic alumina layers synthesized on low-(AA1050) and high-purity aluminum by two-step anodizing in sulfuric acid with addition of ethylene glycol at low temperature

Characterization of nanopores arrangement of anodic alumina layers synthesized on low-(AA1050) and high-purity aluminum by two-step anodizing in sulfuric acid with addition of ethylene glycol at low temperature

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Self-Ordered Aluminum Anodizing in Phosphonoacetic Acid and Its Structural Coloration

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