The Effect of Anhydrous Ammonia Applications on the Solubility of Soil Organic Carbon

Tomasiewicz, D.J.; Henry, J. L.

doi:10.4141/cjss85-079

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, the application of ammonia at concentrations of 4, 67, 540, 1400, 3250 and 26,400 mg l -1 in eluates resulted in average DOC concentrations of 0.84, 1.45, 1.22, 3.08, 5.44 and 9.65 mg l -1 , respectively. It could be confirmed that ammonia generally increased DOC concentrations, which agreed well with Tomasiewicz and Henry's (1985) findings. The reason may be that in the presence of ammonia, ion-exchange and complexation reactions could take place between ammonia and the functional groups (carboxyl, hydroxyl and phenolic groups) present in DOC as humic substances and thus form water-soluble ammonium humates leading to high DOC solubility.…”

Section: Ammonia Impacts On Doc Solubilitysupporting

confidence: 87%

Influences of ammonia contamination on leaching from air-pollution-control residues

Guan

Chen

Astrup³

2014

Waste Manag Res

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Application of selective non-catalytic reduction systems at municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) often involves over-stoichiometric injection of ammonia into flue gases. Un-reacted ammonia may be deposited on fly ash particles and can ultimately influence the leaching behaviour of air-pollution-control (APC) residues. Batch tests were conducted to investigate the impacts of ammonia levels on leaching of a range of metals (sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminium, chromium, iron, lead, cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc), as well as chloride and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Specific conductivity was also identified to reflect the soluble components. The results showed that with ammonia concentrations rising from a background level of 4 to 26,400 mg l(-1), the specific conductivity increased by 2-7 times as pH varied from alkaline to acidic values. DOC release was also significantly enhanced with high ammonia levels of 1400 mg l(-1) or higher at pH > 9; however at these high ammonia concentrations, the role of DOC in cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc leaching was negligible. Based on the experimental data, chloride, sodium and potassium were leached at high concentrations regardless of pH and ammonia concentrations. For aluminium, chromium, iron and lead, ammonia had little impact on their leaching behaviour. With respect to cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc, high ammonia concentrations significantly increased leaching in the pH range of 8-12 due to the formation of metal-ammonia complexes, which was also proved in the speciation calculations. However, the overall results suggest that typical levels of ammonia injection in MSWIs are not likely to affect metal leaching from APC residues.

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Section: Ammonia Impacts On Doc Solubilitysupporting

confidence: 87%

Influences of ammonia contamination on leaching from air-pollution-control residues

Guan

Chen

Astrup³

2014

Waste Manag Res

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“…Soil NO 2 − is a substrate for microbiological and chemical reactions that produce N 2 O under highly aerobic conditions (Stevenson and Swaby, 1964; Venterea, 2007; Kool et al, 2011). In addition to promoting NO 2 − accumulation and NO 2 − –driven N 2 O production, AA injection can also cause dissolution of SOM, resulting in elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (Tomasiewicz and Henry, 1985; Norman et al, 1988; Venterea et al, 2010). Increased DOC can promote denitrification (e.g., Burford and Bremner, 1975) and has been positively correlated with NO 2 − –driven N 2 O production under aerobic conditions (Venterea, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadcast Urea Reduces N₂O but Increases NO Emissions Compared with Conventional and Shallow‐Applied Anhydrous Ammonia in a Coarse‐Textured Soil

Fujinuma¹,

Venterea

Rosen

2011

J of Env Quality

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Despite the importance of anhydrous ammonia (AA) and urea as nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources in the United States, there have been few direct comparisons of their effects on soil nitrous oxide (NO) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions. We compared N oxide emissions, yields, and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NFRE) in a corn ( L.) production system that used three different fertilizer practices: urea that was broadcast and incorporated (BU) and AA that was injected at a conventional depth (0.20 m) (AAc) and at a shallower depth (0.10 m) (AAs). Averaged over 2 yr in an irrigated loamy sand in Minnesota, growing season NO emissions increased in the order BU < AAc < AAs. In contrast, NO emissions were greater with BU than with AAc or AAs. Emissions of NO ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 kg N ha (50-140 g N Mg grain), while NO emissions ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 kg N ha (20-70 g N Mg grain). Emissions of total N oxides (NO + NO) increased in the order AAc < BU < AAs. Despite having the greatest emissions of NO and total N oxides, the AAs treatment had greater NFRE compared with the AAc treatment. These results provide additional evidence that AA emits more NO, but less NO, than broadcast urea and show that practices to reduce NO emissions do not always improve N use efficiency.

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“…Incorporation of dicyandiamide (DCD) into large urea granules decreases nitrification considerably (Yadvinder-Singh and Beauchamp 1985). DCD has a lower solubility than urea in water, although Vilsmeier and Amberger (1980) (Wetselaar et al 1972;Monreal 1982) along with increased pH may solubilize soil organic matter (Tomasiewicz and Henry 1985). Also, NO2 accumulation For personal use only.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Transformations Near Urea in Soil With Different Water Potentials

Singh¹,

Beauchamp²

1988

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Two laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of initial soil water potential on the transformation of urea in large granules to nitrite and nitrate. In the first experiment two soils varying in initial soil water potentials (− 70 and − 140 kPa) were incubated with 2 g urea granules with and without a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide) at 15 °C for 35 d. Only a trace of [Formula: see text] accumulated in a Brookston clay (pH 6.0) during the transformation of urea in 2 g granules. Accumulation of [Formula: see text] was also small (4–6 μg N g−1) in Conestogo silt loam (pH 7.6). Incorporation of dicyandiamide (DCD) into the urea granule at 50 g kg−1 urea significantly reduced the accumulation of [Formula: see text] in this soil. The relative rate of nitrification in the absence of DCD at −140 kPa water potential was 63.5% of that at −70 kPa (average of two soils). DCD reduced the nitrification of urea in 2 g granules by 85% during the 35-d period. In the second experiment a uniform layer of 2 g urea was placed in the center of 20-cm-long cores of Conestogo silt loam with three initial water potentials (−35, −60 and −120 kPa) and the soil was incubated at 15 °C for 45 d. The rate of urea hydrolysis was lowest at −120 kPa and greatest at −35 kPa. Soil pH in the vicinity of the urea layer increased from 7.6 to 9.1 and [Formula: see text] concentration was greater than 3000 μg g−1 soil. There were no significant differences in pH or [Formula: see text] concentration with the three soil water potential treatments at the 10th day of the incubation period. But, in the latter part of the incubation period, pH and [Formula: see text] concentration decreased with increasing soil water potential due to a higher rate of nitrification. Diffusion of various N species including [Formula: see text] was probably greater with the highest water potential treatment. Only small quantities of [Formula: see text] accumulated during nitrification of urea – N. Nitrification of urea increased with increasing water potential. After 35 d of incubation, 19.3, 15.4 and 8.9% of the applied urea had apparently nitrified at −35, −60 and −120 kPa, respectively. Nitrifier activity was completely inhibited in the 0- to 2-cm zone near the urea layer for 35 days. Nitrifier activity increased from an initial level of 8.5 to 73 μg [Formula: see text] in the 3- to 7-cm zone over the 35-d period. Nitrifier activity also increased with increasing soil water potential. Key words: Urea transformation, nitrification, water potential, large granules, nitrifier activity, [Formula: see text] production

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The Effect of Anhydrous Ammonia Applications on the Solubility of Soil Organic Carbon

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Influences of ammonia contamination on leaching from air-pollution-control residues

Influences of ammonia contamination on leaching from air-pollution-control residues

Broadcast Urea Reduces N₂O but Increases NO Emissions Compared with Conventional and Shallow‐Applied Anhydrous Ammonia in a Coarse‐Textured Soil

Nitrogen Transformations Near Urea in Soil With Different Water Potentials

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The Effect of Anhydrous Ammonia Applications on the Solubility of Soil Organic Carbon

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Influences of ammonia contamination on leaching from air-pollution-control residues

Influences of ammonia contamination on leaching from air-pollution-control residues

Broadcast Urea Reduces N2O but Increases NO Emissions Compared with Conventional and Shallow‐Applied Anhydrous Ammonia in a Coarse‐Textured Soil

Nitrogen Transformations Near Urea in Soil With Different Water Potentials

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Broadcast Urea Reduces N₂O but Increases NO Emissions Compared with Conventional and Shallow‐Applied Anhydrous Ammonia in a Coarse‐Textured Soil