The Effect of an Oral Contraceptive on Tests of Thyroid Function

Mishell, Daniel R.; Colodny, Stephen Z.; Swanson, Leonard A.

doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)36975-8

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The performance of the IVR in vivo is also determined by application and retention in the vaginal cavity, which is a function of the mechanical properties of the ring material 25. The IVR should be flexible enough to enable bending and insertion inside the vaginal cavity and rigid enough to withstand the expulsive forces of the vaginal musculature26, 27 without causing abrasion to the vaginal epithelium 28, 29. The processing conditions employed for fabricating the IVRs will also impact the stability of the active pharmaceutical agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyurethane Intravaginal Ring for Controlled Delivery of Dapivirine, a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor of HIV-1

Gupta

Pearce

Poursaid

et al. 2008

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyurethane Intravaginal Ring for Controlled Delivery of Dapivirine, a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor of HIV-1

Gupta

Pearce

Poursaid

et al. 2008

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…The mechanical properties of IVRs are evaluated based on their function and the duration of drug release. IVRs need to be flexible enough for insertion into the vaginal cavity, rigid enough to stay in place, and soft enough to avoid abrasion to the vaginal epithelium [37,38], as well as having low vaginal expulsion rates [39,40]. Polymer structures play a critical role in engineering the controlled release of drugs [41].…”

Section: Selection Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Hormonal Intravaginal Rings: Technology and Challenges

Rafiei

Tabesh

Farzad

et al. 2021

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd

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Intravaginal rings (IVRs) are minimally invasive polymeric devices specifically designed to be used for the sustained and prolonged release of various type of drugs such as hormones. One of the benefits of using topical drug delivery systems (e.g., IVRs) is the fact that systemic drug delivery may cause drug resistance due to elevated drug levels. Topical drug delivery also provides higher concentrations of the drug to the target site and has fewer side effects. In addition, when a drug is administered vaginally, the hepatic first-pass effect is avoided, resulting in higher absorption. Contraception and treatments for specific diseases such as endometriosis and hormone deficiencies can be improved by the administration of hormones via an IVR. This article aims to classify and compare various designs of commercially available and non-commercial hormonal IVRs and to analyze their performance. Current challenges affecting the development of IVRs are investigated, and proposed solutions are discussed. A comprehensive search of publications in MEDLINE/PubMed and of commercial product data of IVRs was performed, and the materials, designs, performance, and applications (e.g., contraception, endometriosis, estrogen deficiency and urogenital atrophy) of hormonal IVRs were thoroughly evaluated. Most hormonal IVRs administer female sex hormones, i.e., estrogen and progestogens. In terms of material, IVRs are divided into 3 main groups: silicone, polyurethane, and polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate IVRs. As regards their design, there are 4 major designs for IVRs which strongly affect their performance and the timing and rate of hormone release. Important challenges include reducing the burst release and maintaining the bioavailability of hormones at their site of action over a prolonged period of administration as well as lowering production costs. Hormonal IVRs are a promising method which could be used to facilitate combination therapies by administering multiple drugs in a single IVR while eliminating the side effects of conventional drug administration methods. IVRs could considerably improve womenʼs quality of life all over the world within a short period of time.

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