The effect of an even-pacing strategy on exercise tolerance in well-trained cyclists

Thomas, Kevin; Stone, Margaret E.; Gibson, Alan St Clair; Thompson, Kevin G.; Ansley, Les

doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2734-4

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Comparative data on TTE and TT performances are limited (Amann, Hopkins & Marcora, 2008;Ham & Knez, 2009;Thomas, Stone, St Clair Gibson, Thompson & Ansley, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycling performance is superior for time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial in endurance laboratory tests

Coakley

Passfield

2017

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials are used in a laboratory setting to measure endurance performance. However, there is some concern with their ecological validity compared with time-trials (TT). Consequently, we aimed to compare cycling performance in TTE and TT where the duration of the trials was matched. Seventeen trained male cyclists completed three TTE trials at 80, 100 and 105% of maximal aerobic power (MAP). On a subsequent visit they performed three TT over the same duration as the TTE. Participants were blinded to elapsed time, power output, cadence and heart rate (HR). Average TTE was 865 ± 345 s, 165 ± 98 s and 117 ± 45 s for the 80, 100 and 105% trials respectively. Average power output was higher for TTE (294 ± 44 W) compared to TT (282 ± 43 W) at 80% MAP (P < 0.01), but not at 100 and 105% MAP (P > 0.05). There was no difference in cadence, HR, or RPE for any trial (P > 0.05). Critical power (CP) was also higher when derived from TTE compared to TT (P < 0.01). It is concluded that TTE results in a higher average power output compared to TT at 80% MAP. When determining CP, TTE rather than TT protocols appear superior.

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“…Comparative data on TTE and TT performances are limited (Amann, Hopkins & Marcora, 2008;Ham & Knez, 2009;Thomas, Stone, St Clair Gibson, Thompson & Ansley, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycling performance is superior for time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial in endurance laboratory tests

Coakley

Passfield

2017

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…Thomas et al (2013) showed that though even pacing might theoretically be optimal for endurance performance (De Koning et al, 1999), but in athlete's reality a parabolic shaped pattern might be more appropriate since the cyclists in their study were not able to finish the race when forced into an even paced pattern. In addition, it is important to note that these findings are from cyclists, as differences in optimal pacing might exist between different sports due to their specific characteristics (Stoter et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacing Profiles in Competitive Track Races: Regulation of Exercise Intensity Is Related to Cognitive Ability

et al. 2016

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Pacing has been defined as the goal-directed regulation of exercise intensity over an exercise bout, in which athletes need to decide how and when to invest their energy. The purpose of this study was to explore if the regulation of exercise intensity during competitive track races is different between runners with and without intellectual impairment, which is characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning (IQ ≤ 75) and adaptive behavioral deficits, diagnosed before the age of 18. The samples included elite runners with intellectual impairment (N = 36) and a comparison group of world class runners without impairment (N = 39), of which 47 were 400 m runners (all male) and 28 were 1500 m-runners (15 male and 13 female). Pacing was analyzed by means of 100 m split times (for 400 m races) and 200 m split times (for 1500 m races). Based on the split times, the average velocity was calculated for four segments of the races. Velocity fluctuations were defined as the differences in velocity between consecutive race segments. A mixed model ANOVA revealed significant differences in pacing profiles between runners with and without intellectual impairment (p < 0.05). Maximal velocity of elite 400 m runners with intellectual impairment in the first race segment (7.9 ± 0.3 m/s) was well below the top-velocity reached by world level 400 m runners without intellectual impairment (8.9 ± 0.2 m/s), and their overall pace was slower (F = 120.7, p < 0.05). In addition, both groups followed a different pacing profile and inter-individual differences in pacing profiles were larger, with differences most pronounced for 1500 m races. Whereas, male 1500 m-runners without intellectual impairment reached a high velocity in the first 100 m (7.2 ± 0.1 m/s), slowly decelerated in the second race segment (−0.6 ± 0.1 m/s), and finished with an end sprint (+0.9 ± 0.1 m/s); the 1500 m runners with intellectual impairment started slower (6.1 ± 0.3 m/s), accelerated in the second segment (+0.2 ± 0.7 m/s), and then slowly decreased until the finish (F = 6.8, p < 0.05). Our findings support the hypothesis that runners with intellectual impairment have difficulties to efficiently self-regulate their exercise intensity. Their limited cognitive resources may constrain the successful integration of appropriate pacing strategies during competitive races.

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“…Indeed, large variations in power output to counteract external perturbations such as topography and wind (discussed in “Environmental factors” below) are required to maintain an even pacing strategy. Such changes in power output have been shown to increase physiological strain and reduce performance 69. Under such circumstances, variations in speed to maintain a relatively even distribution of power output/energetic resources may likely be a more optimal strategy for athletes.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Pacing In Triathlonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing pacing in triathlon

Wu¹,

Peiffer²,

Brisswalter³

et al. 2014

OAJSM

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Triathlon is a multisport event consisting of sequential swim, cycle, and run disciplines performed over a variety of distances. This complex and unique sport requires athletes to appropriately distribute their speed or energy expenditure (ie, pacing) within each discipline as well as over the entire event. As with most physical activity, the regulation of pacing in triathlon may be influenced by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The majority of current research focuses mainly on the Olympic distance, whilst much less literature is available on other triathlon distances such as the sprint, half-Ironman, and Ironman distances. Furthermore, little is understood regarding the specific physiological, environmental, and interdisciplinary effects on pacing. Therefore, this article discusses the pacing strategies observed in triathlon across different distances, and elucidates the possible factors influencing pacing within the three specific disciplines of a triathlon.

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The effect of an even-pacing strategy on exercise tolerance in well-trained cyclists

Cited by 17 publications

References 41 publications

Cycling performance is superior for time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial in endurance laboratory tests

Cycling performance is superior for time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial in endurance laboratory tests

Pacing Profiles in Competitive Track Races: Regulation of Exercise Intensity Is Related to Cognitive Ability

Factors influencing pacing in triathlon

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