The effect of amount of reinforcement on the formation of the reinforcing value of a verbal stimulus.

Pihl, Robert O.; Greenspoon, Joel

doi:10.1037/h0082809

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…205-213, 291-295). Experimental evidence to support the expectation that attitude-eliciting words will function as reinforcers has been reported (Finley & Staats, 1967;Golightly & Byrne, 1964;Pihl & Greenspoon, 1969). The principle that an attitude-eliciting stimulus will act as a reinforcer has been hypothesized in the social interaction situation (Staats, 1964, pp.…”

Section: University Of Hawaiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Deprivation-satiation and strength of attitude conditioning: A test of attitude-reinforcer-discriminative theory.

Staats

Minke²,

Martin³

et al. 1972

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Previous studies have suggested that attitude conditioning is affected by deprivation-satiation (drive) operations. Deprivation of attitude-eliciting objects should make the objects (or words denoting the objects) more strongly elicit the attitude, and thus be more effective in conditioning attitudes to new stimuli. In the present study with 254 undergraduates, food words were considered to be attitude stimuli which through preexperimental conditioning (pairing with the type of food) had come to elicit positive attitude responses. Results support the hypothesis that a new stimulus paired with the attitude stimuli (food words) would come to elicit a positive attitude more strongly for Ss deprived of food than for Ss satiated on food. Relevance of the results for a general learning theory of attitudes and social interaction as well as for the study of the attitudinal and interpersonal function of language is discussed. (51 ref.)

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Section: University Of Hawaiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Deprivation-satiation and strength of attitude conditioning: A test of attitude-reinforcer-discriminative theory.

Staats

Minke²,

Martin³

et al. 1972

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…This theory has led radical behaviorism (and behavior analysis) to neglect the basic study of classical conditioning and its relationship to instrumental conditioning. The various ways that emotions may be produced in humans (Berger, 1962; Berkowitz & Knurek, 1969; Hekmat & Vanian, 1971; Staats & Hammond, 1972; Staats, Minke, Martin, & Higa, 1972), and the very profound and extensive effects that emotional conditioning can have on behavior (for experimental examples, see Finley & Staats, 1967; Pihl & Greenspoon, 1969; Staats & Burns, 1982; Staats, Gross, Guay, & Carlson, 1973; Staats & Warren, 1974) have been ignored.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Skinner's theory and the emotion-behavior relationship: Incipient change with major implications.

Staats¹

1988

American Psychologist

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“…Marihuana-induced deficits in time perception (e.g., Clark, Hughes, & Nakashima, 1970;Rossi, 1973;Vachon, Sulkowski, & Rich, 1974) and complex or choice reaction time (Clark et al, 1970;Kiplinger, Manno, Rodda, & Forney, 1971) have been relatively consistently reported. A third dependent measure, a paired-associate task, was chosen primarily on the basis of its previously demonstrated sensitivity to different levels of motivation (Pihl & Greenspoon, 1969).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivation levels and the marihuana high.

Pihl¹,

Sigal²

1978

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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A total of 112 volunteer males, aged 18-30 years, were randomly assigned to eight groups, with 14 subjects per group. For each of two drug conditions (no drug and marihuana), there were four motivation conditions. In the first motivation group, the subjects were merely given instructions concerning how to perform on each dependent measure. The second motivation group was given the additional instructions to "try as hard as possible" on each measure. The third motivation group could earn a small amount of money, contingent on the performance of the dependent measures. The fourth group could earn a substantial amount of money contingent upon task performance. Time perception, choice reaction time, and a paired-associate memory task were used as dependent measures. The results indicated a significant, detrimental drug effect on all measures and a significant motivation effect on the reaction time measure. Close examination of the data suggests that the drug effect occurred because of the ineffectiveness of the motivation manipulation with the marihuana subjects.Much diversity of opinion surrounds the phenomenon of marihuana intoxication. There is presently little agreement among researchers on the effect of marihuana on behavior. For example, whereas some authors have found that marihuana impairs various coordination and cognitive skills (reviewed in LeDain, Campbell, Lehmann, Stein, & Bertrand, 1972) others have suggested that attentional factors and boredom might be producing these deficits (e.g., Manno, Kiplinger, Scholz, & Forney, 1971). Indeed, there is an increasing body of evidence to support the notion that extrapharmacological factors may play at least as great a role in marihuana intoxication as the drug itself.

show abstract

The effect of amount of reinforcement on the formation of the reinforcing value of a verbal stimulus.

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Deprivation-satiation and strength of attitude conditioning: A test of attitude-reinforcer-discriminative theory.

Deprivation-satiation and strength of attitude conditioning: A test of attitude-reinforcer-discriminative theory.

Skinner's theory and the emotion-behavior relationship: Incipient change with major implications.

Motivation levels and the marihuana high.

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