The Effect of Ammonium Nitrate Applications to Field Soils on Nodulation, Seed Yield, and Nitrogen and Oil Content of the Seed of Soybeans

Lyons, J. C.; Earley, E. B.

doi:10.2136/sssaj1952.03615995001600030008x

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…This is similar to findings from Sadler and Karlen (1995), who reported sharp increases in the N uptake of corn during the onset of tasseling and milk stages (VT and R3 stages). Soybeans assimilated less than 10% of the 15 N fertilizer added, probably because they were well nodulated and did not require supplemental N. The negative feedback between N fertilization and N 2 fixation in nodules is well known (Lyons and Earley 1952), but a 24-h period may be insufficient to inhibit N 2 fixation and permit much uptake of 15 N-NO 3 . While not significant, there was a slight increase in 15 N in soybean shoots during the study period, consistent with the expected increase in shoot N during soybean growth (Sadler and Karlen 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root-derived respiration and nitrous oxide production as affected by crop phenology and nitrogen fertilization

et al. 2009

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In annual crops, the partitioning of photosynthates to support root growth, respiration and rhizodeposition should be greater during early development than in later reproductive stages due to source/ sink relationships in the plant. Therefore, seasonal fluctuations in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) production from roots and root-associated soil may be related to resource partitioning by the crop. Greenhouse studies used 13 C and 15 N stable isotopes to evaluate the carbon (C) partitioning and nitrogen (N) uptake by corn and soybean. We also measured the CO 2 and N 2 O production from planted pots as affected by crop phenology and N fertilization. Specific root-derived respiration was related to the 13 C allocated to roots and was greatest during early vegetative growth. Root-derived respiration and rhizodeposition were greater for corn than soybean. The 15 N uptake by corn increased between vegetative growth, tasseling and milk stages, but the 15 N content in soybean was not affected by phenology. A peak in N 2 O production was observed with corn at the milk stage, suggesting that the corn rhizosphere supported microbial communities that produced N 2 O. Most of the 15 N-NO 3 applied to soybean was not taken up by the plant and negative N 2 O production during vegetative growth and floral initiation stages suggests that soybean roots supported the reduction of N 2 O to dinitrogen (N 2 ). We conclude that crop phenology and soil N availability exert important controls on rhizosphere processes, leading to temporal variation in CO 2 and N 2 O production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root-derived respiration and nitrous oxide production as affected by crop phenology and nitrogen fertilization

et al. 2009

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“…A few studies showed that small amounts of starter-N applied at sowing could improve root growth and N uptake by soybean prior to full nodulation (Hardarson & Zepata, 1984;Wani et al, 1995;Gulden & Vessey, 1998). Furthermore, positive responses to N fertilization have been reported when soybean yields are affected by drought (Lyons & Earley, 1952;Purcell & King, 1996). R. Bras.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fertilizer-N application and seed coating with rhizobial inoculants on soybean yield in eastern Paraguay

Kubota

Hoshiba²,

Bordon³

2008

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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SUMMARYNitrogen removal in soybean grains at harvest may exceed biological N 2 fixation, particularly if grain yields are as high as typically achieved on "Terra Rossa" soils of Eastern Paraguay. Applying N fertilizer or coating seeds with rhizobial inoculants that enhance nodulation may represent a way of balancing the N budget. However, the effects of such treatments appear to be highly sitespecific. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of N application (N) and rhizobial inoculation (I) on nodulation, N accumulation and soybean yields in Eastern Paraguay. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive soybean seasons. Dry conditions in the first year delayed sowing and reduced plant number m -2 and pod number plant -1 . Grain yields were generally below 2 t ha -1 but the +N+I treatment increased yields by about 75%. In the second year favorable conditions resulted in yields of around 4 t ha -1 and the treatments had no effect. Nitrogen accumulation was higher in the first year and could therefore not explain the observed yield differences between years and treatment combinations. The positive effect of the +N+I treatment in year one was associated with a more rapid root growth which could have reduced susceptibility to intermittent drought stress. Nodule biomass decreased between flowering and pod setting stages in the +I treatment whereas further increases in nodule biomass in the -I treatment may have led to competition for assimilates between nodules and developing pods. Based on these preliminary results we conclude that N application and seed inoculation can offer short-term benefits in unfavorable years without negative effects on yield in favorable years.Index terms: Glycine max, inoculum, nitrogen, nodulation, rhizobium. RESUMO: EFEITO DA APLICAÇÃO DE FERTILIZANTE-NITROGENADO E DA INOCULAÇÃO DE SEMENTES COM RIZÓBIOS NO RENDIMENTO DA SOJA NO PARAGUAI ORIENTALA remoção do N em grãos de soja na colheita pode exceder a fixação biológica do N 2 , particularmente se os rendimentos dos grãos forem tão elevados quanto os obtidos tipicamente nos solos "Terra Roxa" da região oriental do Paraguai. A aplicação do fertilizante nitrogenado ou a inoculação das sementes com rizóbios que estimulem a nodulação podem representar uma maneira de equilibrar o balanço de N, porém o efeito de tais tratamentos parece ser altamente específico do local. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os efeitos da aplicação do nitrogênio (N) e da inoculação com rizóbios (I) na nodulação, na acumulação de N e nos rendimentos de soja sob condições da região oriental do Paraguai. A pesquisa em campo foi conduzida durante duas safras consecutivas de soja. As condições de seca ou estiagem no primeiro ano atrasaram a semeadura e reduziram o número de plantas por m 2 e o número de vagens/planta. Os rendimentos de grãos foram geralmente inferiores a 2 t ha -1 ; no entanto, o tratamento + N + I aumentou o rendimento em aproximadamente 75 %. Nas condições favoráveis do segundo ano, os rendimentos foram em torno de 4 t ha -1 e...

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“…In contrast, other researchers have not obtained yield increases from N applications (Thurlow and Hiltbold, 1970;Wagner and Fletchall, 1966), reporting that soybeans properly inoculated with effective strains of rhizobium need no additional N, because they can fix an adequate supply. The proportion of protein in soybean has also been found to increase with increasing N rates (Kapusta et al, 1970).A detrimental effect of N fertilizer on nodulation has also been reported, high N rates applied at planting time reducing nodulation (Gibson and Nutman, i960;Lyons and Earley, 1952;Orcutt and Wilson, 1934), though moderate amounts of N at planting have not completely eliminated nodulation (Kapusta et al). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different N rates on the nodulation and productivity of soybeans.…”

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Effect of Nitrogen on Nodulation and Yield of Soybean

1975

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Nitrogen fertilizer applied to the surface of the soil in the field did not increase the yield of Bragg soybeans, and at higher levels reduced it, but may or may not significantly reduce soybean nodulation and plant height. In a pot experiment, there was evidence that deeply applied N increased plant height and dry weight of a non-nodulating isoline of Clark soybeans 46 days after planting.Many attempts have been made to increase the yield of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). For instance, it has been postulated that the amount of nitrogen fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of soybeans falls short of meeting the requirements of the plant, suggesting that yields can thus be increased by the addition of N fertilizer (Allos and Bartholomew, 1959; Lathwell and Evans, 1950;Thorton, 1946). In contrast, other researchers have not obtained yield increases from N applications (Thurlow and Hiltbold, 1970;Wagner and Fletchall, 1966), reporting that soybeans properly inoculated with effective strains of rhizobium need no additional N, because they can fix an adequate supply. The proportion of protein in soybean has also been found to increase with increasing N rates (Kapusta et al., 1970).A detrimental effect of N fertilizer on nodulation has also been reported, high N rates applied at planting time reducing nodulation (Gibson and Nutman, i960;Lyons and Earley, 1952;Orcutt and Wilson, 1934), though moderate amounts of N at planting have not completely eliminated nodulation (Kapusta et al.). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different N rates on the nodulation and productivity of soybeans. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Greenhouse pot experimentA split-root technique similar to that reported by Rios and Pearson (1964) was used at Carbondale, Illinois, U.S.A., involving one plastic pot on top of another, separated by a paraffin-petrolatum membrane. The top pot was 17 cm. tall, 20 cm. diameter at the top, and 16-5 cm. at the bottom; the bottom pot was 18 cm. high and 18 cm. in diameter. The latter contained a 2 : 1 : 1 mix (by volume) of soil, peat and sand, to which different rates of N (0, 112, 224 and 448 kg./ha.) had been added as ammonium nitrate, finely ground with a pestle and mortar prior to being hand-mixed into the medium.

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The Effect of Ammonium Nitrate Applications to Field Soils on Nodulation, Seed Yield, and Nitrogen and Oil Content of the Seed of Soybeans

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Root-derived respiration and nitrous oxide production as affected by crop phenology and nitrogen fertilization

Root-derived respiration and nitrous oxide production as affected by crop phenology and nitrogen fertilization

Effect of fertilizer-N application and seed coating with rhizobial inoculants on soybean yield in eastern Paraguay

Effect of Nitrogen on Nodulation and Yield of Soybean

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