The Effect of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age

Gauderman, W. James; Avol, Edward L.; Gilliland, Frank D.; Vora, Hita; Thomas, Duncan C.; Berhane, Kiros; McConnell, Rob; Küenzli, Nino; Lurmann, Fred; Rappaport, Edward; Margolis, Helene G.; Bates, David V.; Peters, John

doi:10.1056/nejmoa040610

Cited by 1,163 publications

(812 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Contrary to initial expectations, the research indicated no significant differences in the average values of the PF tests across the townships, despite their distinctively different air pollution levels and the wealth of evidence accumulated to date on the link between air pollution and PF development in children (see inter alia Peters et al, 1999a, b;Pikhart et al, 2000;Gauderman et al, 2000Gauderman et al, , 2004Schwartz, 2004).…”

Section: Hadera Region Israel As a Case Studycontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…: child's age and height at the start of the study period (i.e., in 1996); gender; presence (or absence) of pulmonary diseases diagnosed by a doctor; overall duration of residence in the study area; exposure to environmental tobacco smoking in the family; housing density; education levels of both parents; and proximity to main roads to control for exposure to air pollution from motor vehicles. The confounding role of these variables has been outlined by most previous studies (Goren et al, 1991;Peters et al, 1999a, b;Peled et al, 2001;Jedrychowski et al, 2002;Gauderman et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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On ecological fallacy, assessment errors stemming from misguided variable selection, and the effect of aggregation on the outcome of epidemiological study

Portnov

Dubnov

Barchana

2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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In social and environmental sciences, ecological fallacy is an incorrect assumption about an individual based on aggregate data for a group. In the present study, the validity of this assumption was tested using both individual estimates of exposure to air pollution and aggregate data for 1,492 schoolchildren living in the in vicinity of a major coal-fired power station in the Hadera region of Israel. In 1996 and 1999, the children underwent subsequent pulmonary function tests (PFT), and their parents completed a detailed questionnaire on their health status and housing conditions. The association between children's PFT results and their exposure to air pollution was investigated in two phases. During the first phase, PFT averages were compared with average levels of air pollution detected in townships, and small census areas in which the children reside. During the second phase, individual pollution estimates were compared with individual PFT results, and pattern detection techniques (Getis-Ord statistic) were used to investigate the spatial data structure. While different levels of areal data aggregation changed the results only marginally, the choice of indices measuring the children's PFT performance had a significant influence on the outcome of the analysis. As argued, differences between individual-level and group-level effects of exposure (i.e., ecological or cross-level bias) are not necessary outcomes of data aggregation, and that seemingly unexpected results may often stem from a misguided selection of variables chosen to measure health effects. The implications of the results of the analysis for epidemiological studies are discussed, and recommendations for public health policy are formulated.

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Section: Hadera Region Israel As a Case Studycontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

On ecological fallacy, assessment errors stemming from misguided variable selection, and the effect of aggregation on the outcome of epidemiological study

Portnov

Dubnov

Barchana

2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…The seminal paper on lung growth and pollution showed adverse effects on lung development in children 10 to 18 years old leading to clinically significant deficits in attained FEV 1 as they reached adulthood. [70] In addition, 2 large paediatric [71,72] and one adult study [73] have identified small deficits in lung function associated with exposure to particulate matter.…”

Section: Page 13 Of 24mentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of early life factors which adversely affect subsequent lung function

Kouzouna

Gilchrist

Ball

et al. 2016

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews

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It has been known for many years that multiple early life factors can adversely affect lung function and future respiratory health. This is the first systematic review to attempt to analyse all these factors simultaneously. We adhered to strict a priori criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies.The initial search yielded 29,351 citations of which 208 articles were reviewed in full and 25 were included in the review. This included 6 birth cohorts and 19 longitudinal population studies. The 25 studies reported the effect of 74 childhood factors (on their own or in combinations with other factors) on subsequent lung function reported as percent predicted forced expiration in one second (FEV 1 ). The childhood factors that were associated with a significant reduction in future FEV 1 could be grouped as: early infection, bronchial hyper-reactivity (BHR) / airway lability, a diagnosis of asthma, wheeze, family history of atopy or asthma, respiratory symptoms and prematurity / low birth weight. A complete mathematical model will only be possible if the raw data from all previous studies is made available. This highlights the need for increased cooperation between researchers and the need for international consensus about the outcome measures for future longitudinal studies.

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“…1,2 Air pollutants associated with these effects include nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM 10 ). 3 Exposure to PM 10 is associated with increased morbidity due to local inflammation, injury by oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollutants and hospital admission due to pneumonia in children: a time series analysis

Souza

Nascimento

2016

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the association between exposure to air pollutants and hospitalization for pneumonia among children in a medium-sized city located in the sugar cane plantation region of São Paulo State. Methods: An ecological time-series study was conducted with daily data of hospitalization for pneumonia including children aged 10 years or younger living in Araraquara, state of São Paulo, from January 1 st , 2010, to November 30 th , 2012. To estimate the association between hospitalization due to pneumonia and particulate pollutants with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, relative risks for hospitalization according to a generalized additive model of Poisson regression, with Lags of up to five days, were calculated. A percentage increase (PI) was obtained for relative risk (IRR -increase on relative risk) of hospitalization at each 10 μg/m 3 increment in each air pollutants adjusted for the remaining. Results: A total of 234 hospitalizations were recorded during these three years. There was a strong association between hospitalization and PM 10 and NO 2 . The PI in relative risk was 15% to PM 10 in Lag 0 and 7% points in Lag 1 for NO 2 . Conclusion: There was evidence of the action of air pollutants on hospitalization for pneumonia in a medium-sized city located in a region affected by air pollution from sugarcane burning and the data presented here provide subsidies for the implementation of public policies aiming to decrease this risk.

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The Effect of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age

Abstract: The results of this study indicate that current levels of air pollution have chronic, adverse effects on lung development in children from the age of 10 to 18 years, leading to clinically significant deficits in attained FEV(1) as children reach adulthood.

Cited by 1,163 publications

References 35 publications

On ecological fallacy, assessment errors stemming from misguided variable selection, and the effect of aggregation on the outcome of epidemiological study

On ecological fallacy, assessment errors stemming from misguided variable selection, and the effect of aggregation on the outcome of epidemiological study

A systematic review of early life factors which adversely affect subsequent lung function

Air pollutants and hospital admission due to pneumonia in children: a time series analysis

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