The effect of age on skin color and color heterogeneity in four ethnic groups

Rigal, Jean de; Mazis, Isabelle Des; Diridollou, S.; Querleux, Bernard; Yang, Grace L.; Leroy, Frederce; Barbosa, Vietoria Holloway

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00416.x

Cited by 82 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…However, skin colour is a non-flat and non-uniform surface, and skin measurements are significantly affected by various parameters, including the measurement distance, field size, pressure applied to the skin and body area. It is therefore difficult to compare skin measurements obtained under different conditions with different instrument parameters (6)(7)(8)(9).…”

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Characterising the variations in ethnic skin colours: a new calibrated data base for human skin

Xiao

Yates

Zardawi

et al. 2016

Skin Research and Technology

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Background: Accurate skin colour measurements are important for numerous medical applications including the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous disorders and the provision of maxillofacial soft tissue prostheses. Methods: In this study, we obtained accurate skin colour measurements from four different ethnic groups (Caucasian, Chinese, Kurdish, Thai) and at four different body locations (Forehead, cheek, inner arm, back of hand) with a view of establishing a new skin colour database for medical and cosmetic applications. Skin colours are measured using a spectrophotometer and converted to a device-independent standard colour appearance space (CIELAB) where skin colour is expressed as values along the three dimensions: Lightness L*, Redness a* and Yellowness b*. Skin colour differences and variation are then evaluated as a function of ethnicity and body location. Results: We report three main results: (1) When plotted in a standard colour appearance space (CIELAB), skin colour distributions for the four ethnic groups overlap significantly, although there are systematic mean differences. Between ethnicities, the most significant skin colour differences occur along the yellowness dimension, with Thai skin exhibiting the highest yellowness (b*) value and Caucasian skin the lowest value. Facial redness (a*) is invariant across the four ethnic groups.

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Characterising the variations in ethnic skin colours: a new calibrated data base for human skin

Xiao

Yates

Zardawi

et al. 2016

Skin Research and Technology

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“…The colour of skin can provide essential information about an individual's health and emotional state [1][2][3]. Facial cues and facial expression including colour are important factors in social communication [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colour quality of facial prostheses in additive manufacturing

Sohaib

Amano

Xiao

et al. 2018

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Recent progress in additive manufacturing technology has improved the realistic colour reproduction of 3D facial prostheses with computational optimisation of skin colour profiles. The colour appearance of the prosthetic surface depends on both the spectral characteristics of the surfaces and the scene illumination. Considering everyday environments, the colours of prosthetic surfaces should appear constant under various illuminations, although such evaluations on facial prostheses have had limited success to date. In this study, colour quality was assessed throughout the additive manufacturing process, namely, from the colour profile optimisation to the colour reproduction on the 3D facial prostheses. Colour profiles optimised for typical skin colour samples were applied to manufacture facial prostheses with two skin types, Caucasian and Chinese. The colour quality was assessed by the colour difference metric CIEDE2000 and spectral similarity against corresponding real skin data. The constant colour appearance of the prosthetic surfaces under different illuminations was estimated by introducing a reproduction colourconstancy index. The CIEDE2000 between the prosthetic and real skins was approximately 7.2 on average over all skin types and facial areas, which is slightly larger than the acceptable perceptual error. The level was relatively constant under different illuminations selected from the CIE standard daylight and fluorescent lights. The reproduction colour-constancy index ranged from 0.34 to 0.89, which is remarkably similar to the level observed in traditional colour constancy data in vision sciences. Spectral errors were close to those obtained by computational spectral reconstruction from digital RGB colours. These results suggest that the proposed colour management for facial prostheses may satisfy the requirement of colour quality in everyday environments with various illuminations. The causes and further improvement of the remaining errors in the manufacturing process are also discussed.

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the darkness of the skin, in relation to the lightness attribute, is routinely the most significant factor for skin colour variations among different ethnic groups. Previous research on gender differences in skin colours has been conducted in other ethnic groups with different measurement methodologies [1,6,7] . Majority of previously published reports obtained similar results as the current study with regards to the determination that female skin color is lighter and more yellowish than male skin color, which is evident in Caucasian and Korean skin [1,6,7] .…”

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“…Skin colour gamut represents the entire range of skin colour appearances for a defined population of individuals. For modern colour reproduction systems, identifying the colour gamuts of a task material using different digital media under different viewing conditions before they can be truly reproduced is important.Moreover, although skin colour measurements have been conducted for different ethnic groups [6,7] , no available skin colour data could be considered representative of Chinese skin, and thus, reproduced digitally either as an image of physical object.The current study aims to generate a comprehensive skin colour database for Chinese skin, to further investigate and identify the colour appearance and colour gamut of Chinese skin, to analyze factors that may affect the colour appearance of Chinese skin, and to evaluate colour variations in Chinese skin. In this letter, colour measurements for 202 Chinese individuals were taken using a spectrophotometer.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Chinese skin colour and appearance for skin colour reproduction

Xiao¹,

Liao²,

Zardawi³

et al. 2012

中国光学快报

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A Chinese skin colour database is established based on measurements taken from nine bodies areas of 202 Chinese individuals to move towards accurate skin colour reproduction. The colour appearance of each skin point is predicted, and a comprehensive colour gamut for Chinese skin is determined. A consistent colour shift between facial and arm colours is identified, in which facial colour tends to be more reddish, more colourful, and darker than arm colour. Moreover, Chinese females are found to have lighter, paler, and more yellowish skin than Chinese males. Variations in Chinese skin colour are quantified, and body area differences and gender differences are shown to have significant effects on Chinese skin colour.OCIS codes: 330. 1690 , 330.1710 , 330.1730 , 170.1850 Interest in the colour of human skin has been greatly stimulated by the increased need in the application of the colour of human skin within multidisciplinary teams in various industries, including skin colour measurement for the diagnosis of cutaneous disease [1] , skin colour segmentation for face detection and recognition [2] , skin colour reproduction for graphic arts [3] , and skin colour matching for body and maxillofacial soft tissue prostheses [4] . A new technology has recently allowed for unique and innovative methods of three-dimensional (3D) data capture, storage, and manufacturing of the geometry and colour data of a body to produce replacements as either images or physical objects (hard or soft). For such applications, a comprehensive knowledge of the range of skin shades that represent individuals, an understanding of how skin colour varies, and how people perceive these differences in a wide range of viewing conditions are strongly desired.Previous studies have reported the use of Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) colorimetry [5] for skin colour evaluation [6−8] . CIE colorimetry consists of objective colour measurements that use colour measuring instruments and colour attributes prediction using the CIELAB uniform colour space. In using CIELAB colour attributes, skin colours are compared with one another based on three different perceptual attributes, and skin colour differences are evaluated in ∆E * ab units. The CIELAB uniform colour space has been used for more than 30 years and is still widely used in many industrial applications for both colour appearance prediction and colour difference evaluation. However, the accuracy of the CIELAB uniform colour space is not optimal unless pre-determined and defined parameters are set for the environment in which the information is to be captured. More specifically, the CIELAB uniform colour space does not consider colour reproduction across different viewing environments or the translation of these data into and through different colour media. CIE recommended several alternative advanced colour appearance model applications, known as advanced colorimetric techniques, which require colour reproduction and colour difference evaluation. In 2002, CIE TC8-01 recommended the use o...

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The effect of age on skin color and color heterogeneity in four ethnic groups

Cited by 82 publications

References 37 publications

Characterising the variations in ethnic skin colours: a new calibrated data base for human skin

Characterising the variations in ethnic skin colours: a new calibrated data base for human skin

Colour quality of facial prostheses in additive manufacturing

Investigation of Chinese skin colour and appearance for skin colour reproduction

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