The Effect of Age and Workload on Work Posture toward Musculoskeletal Disorders Complain on Loading and Unloading Workers

Abstract

Background: Workers in informal sector such as loading and unloading workers have a risk of experiencing health disorder of occupational disease such as musculoskeletloadingal disorders (MSDs). Such complain usually occurs on spine (back and neck) and upper limb. Most of the loading and unloading workers work using manual material handling, such as loading, unloading, pushing, pulling, throwing, moving, or rotating loads using their hands or other body parts. Such work method has musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) risk, including low back pain. There are several factors causing the musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) including individual factors (age and gender), work factors (workload and work posture), and work environment factors. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the direct and indirect effects of age and workload with work posture as an intervening variable against musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) on loading and unloading workers at PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia IV (Persero) of Makassar Branch. Methods: The current research applied analytical observation with a Cross-Sectional approach involving 140 respondents selected through a simple random sampling technique. This research was further carried out at Pelabuhan Indonesia IV (Persero) of Makassar Branch in April-May 2021. Data obtained were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: There were 65 respondents (46.4%) who suffered from musculoskeletal disorder complaints in the high category followed by 53 respondents (37.9%) who suffered from musculoskeletal complaints in the very high category. It was also obtained that workload significantly affected the work position variable (p = 0.000 <0.05), age significantly affected the work posture variable (p = 0.000 <0.05), workload significantly affected the musculoskeletal disorders variable (p = 0.000 <0.05), and work posture significantly affected the musculoskeletal disorder variable (p = 0.000 <0.05). Conclusion: A significant indirect effect between workload and musculoskeletal disorders complaints through work posture variables. Significant indirect effect was also found between age and musculoskeletal disorder complaints through work posture. In addition, the highest category of low back pain complaints is in moderate disability.

Influence of Job Insecurity on Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Mediation Model with Nursing Aides

“…Hypothesis 1 is consistent with previous studies which links the presence of MSDs to a higher physical load at work [ 4 , 5 ]. The increase in physical load at work means a muscular and biomechanical overload which leads to the deterioration of musculoskeletal health.…”

“…Based on the previous literature [ 4 , 5 ], this study obtained similar results regarding the link between physical load and MSDs. It also provides relevant information on job insecurity (JI), a psychosocial risk less researched specifically in relation to musculoskeletal health.…”

“…There are also occupational factors. The influence of physical and ergonomic risks is proven: having and holding an awkward posture at work, performing repetitive movements and handling loads (heavy loads and/or loads held over time) require excessive muscular activity which has an effect on the musculoskeletal system [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Factors That Influence Musculoskeletal Disorders Complaints in Weaving Craftsmen at Dian's Rumah Songket and Endek, Gelgel Village, Klungkung Regency, Bali

“…Seiring bertambahnya usia, jaringan otot dan tulang mengalami penuaan yang berakibat pada menurunnya ketahanan kartilago, densitas tulang, elastisitas ligamen dan tendon, serta penimbunan lemak yang menganggu fungsi normal jaringan muskuloskeletal. Masih terdapat banyak faktor lain yang memperburuk timbulnya nyeri, salah satunya posisi ergonomis pekerja 15 .…”