The Effect of Aerobic Trainings and Green Tea Supplementation on Cardio Metabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Females: A Randomized Trial

Abstract

BackgroundThe use of exercise along with green tea supplements has been shown to have beneficial effects on obesity and its complications.ObjectivesThis study aimed at exploring the effect of aerobic training (AT) and green tea (GT) supplementation on body composition, blood lipids, blood glucose, and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese females.MethodsThirty-nine healthy non-athlete overweight and obese females with an average age of 28.11 ± 6.50 years were sampled and randomly assigned to control (n = 13), AT (n = 13), and AT + GT (n = 13). Participants of the latter group received 33 mg of green tea after each main meal every day, and in addition, they were subjected to AT for eight weeks, including three 90-minute training sessions that were progressive, reaching 80% of the target heart rate (THR). Blood samples were taken from participants one week before the initiation of the study and 48 hours after the last training session.ResultsCompared to the control group, body weight, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) significantly decreased in the groups treated with AT and AT + GT (P < 0.05). However, no significant changes occurred in FBS, HDL, TC, and WHR (P > 0.05).ConclusionsAT was effective in modifying cardiovascular risk factors, e.g. hypertension, heart rate (HR), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, GT addition was not effective. Considering Iranians’ high tendency towards the consumption of plant materials, this finding needs further investigation.

The effect of green tea supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…During the full‐text review stage, 426 articles were excluded based on the following reasons: non‐clinical trials, whole GT was not employed in the intervention (the studies employed decaffeinated green tea extract or green tea catechin), animal study, GT was employed in combination with other components, the studies were performed in children, insufficient data, lack of appropriate control groups, duplicate datasets. Finally, 25 articles with 26 arms were included in this meta‐analysis (Afzalpour, Ghasemi, & Zarban, 2017; Al‐Naggar, Osman, & Abdulghani, 2013; Amozadeh, Shabani, & Nazari, 2018; Auvichayapat et al, 2008; Basu et al, 2011; Bogdanski et al, 2012; Cardoso, Salgado, Cesar Mde, & Donado‐Pestana, 2013; Chan et al, 2006; Di Pierro, Menghi, Barreca, Lucarelli, & Calandrelli, 2009; Diepvens, Kovacs, Nijs, Vogels, & Westerterp‐Plantenga, 2005; Hovanloo, Fallah Huseini, Hedayati, & Teimourian, 2016; Hsu et al, 2008; Hsu et al, 2011; Hussain, Habib Ur, & Akhtar, 2017; Janssens et al, 2016; Kovacs, Lejeune, Nijs, & Westerterp‐Plantenga, 2004; Mombaini, Jafarirad, Husain, Haghighizadeh, & Padfar, 2017; Nabi et al, 2018; Rostamian & Bijeh, 2017; Soeizi et al, 2017; Suliburska et al, 2012; Tabatabaee et al, 2017; Toolsee et al, 2013; Venkatakrishnan et al, 2018; Vieira Senger, Schwanke, Gomes, & Valle Gottlieb, 2012) (Supplemental Figure 1).…”

“…The follow‐up period ranged from 2 weeks to 5 months. The daily recommended dose of GT varied between 99 and 20,000 mg. Of the selected studies, all were done on both sexes with the exception of 11 trials, which involved exclusively females (Afzalpour et al, 2017; Al‐Naggar et al, 2013; Amozadeh et al, 2018; Cardoso et al, 2013; Chan et al, 2006; Diepvens et al, 2005; Hovanloo et al, 2016; Hsu et al, 2008; Mombaini et al, 2017; Rostamian & Bijeh, 2017; Toolsee et al, 2013). The studies involved a range of 18 to 104 participants.…”

“…The studies involved a range of 18 to 104 participants. The participants included in these studies suffered from: overweight or obesity, hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver disease, postmenopause status, polycystic ovary syndrome, thalassemia major, prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (Afzalpour et al, 2017; Al‐Naggar et al, 2013; Amozadeh et al, 2018; Auvichayapat et al, 2008; Basu et al, 2011; Bogdanski et al, 2012; Cardoso et al, 2013; Chan et al, 2006; Di Pierro et al, 2009; Diepvens et al, 2005; Hovanloo et al, 2016; Hsu et al, 2008; Hsu et al, 2011; Hussain et al, 2017; Janssens, Penders, et al, 2016; Kovacs et al, 2004; Mombaini et al, 2017; Nabi et al, 2018; Rostamian & Bijeh, 2017; Soeizi et al, 2017; Suliburska et al, 2012; Tabatabaee et al, 2017; Toolsee et al, 2013; Venkatakrishnan et al, 2018; Vieira Senger et al, 2012). Most studies were rated as good quality across the Cochrane items.…”

“…These studies were published between 2004 and 2018. Eligible studies were performed in: Taiwan (Hsu et al, 2008;Hsu et al, 2011;Venkatakrishnan et al, 2018), Iran (Afzalpour et al, 2017;Amozadeh et al, 2018;Hovanloo et al, 2016;Hussain et al, 2017;Mombaini et al, 2017;Nabi et al, 2018;Rostamian & Bijeh, 2017;Soeizi et al, 2017), Pakistan (Hussain et al, 2017), China (Chan et al, 2006), The Netherlands (Diepvens et al, 2005;Janssens, Penders, et al, 2016;Kovacs et al, 2004), Malaysia (Al-Naggar et al, 2013), the United States of America (Basu et al, 2011), Toolsee et al, 2013), Brazil (Cardoso et al, 2013;Vieira Senger et al, 2012), Poland (Bogdanski et al, 2012;Suliburska et al, 2012), Italy (Di Pierro et al, 2009), and Thailand (Auvichayapat et al, 2008). The follow-up period ranged from 2 weeks to 5 months.…”

Effect of green tea consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…However, clinical trial results have not been conclusive regarding these effects of green tea. Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have suggested that green tea may affect the lipid profiles in subjects with cardiovascular-related diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance as well as in healthy individuals [13,14], whereas other RCTs have not been able to confirm the positive metabolic effects of green tea [15,16].…”