The effect of addition of modified guar gum to a low-energy semisolid meal on appetite and body weight loss

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of addition of modi®ed guar gum (GG) to a low-energy semisolid meal on appetite and body weight (BW) loss. SUBJECTS: Twenty eight mainly overweight male volunteers (age, 19 ± 56 y; body mass index, 29 AE 2 kg m À2 ; BW, 89.4 AE 9.2 kg). DESIGN: Baseline of one week with self-selected diet. Three treatments of 2 weeks with a low-energy diet divided over three times a day, consisting of a semisolid meal with (SSM ) or without GG (SSM) or a solid meal (SM) with the same energy content (947 kJ) and macronutrient composition, and a dinner of the subject's own choice. Washout periods lasted 4 weeks. RESULTS: Compared to baseline values, reduction in energy intake and BW loss were similar for SSM , SSM and SM. Appetite (hunger, desire to eat or estimation of how much one could eat) was increased in SSM and in SM compared to baseline, but not in SSM . Satiety and fullness in SSM , SSM and SM were similar to baseline. Any intervention was more effective on BW loss when it took place the ®rst time compared to the second and third times (2.6 AE 0.2 kg, 1.7 AE 0.2 kg and 1.1 AE 0.2 kg, respectively; P`0.001). The SM ± SSM ± SSM sequence was more effective on BW loss compared to the SSM ± SSM ± SM sequence (5.6 AE 1.0 and 2.5 AE 0.6 kg, respectively; P`0.05). CONCLUSION: All the three treatments were equally effective with respect to BW loss. GG addition to a semisolid meal prevented an increase in appetite, hunger and desire to eat, which increase was present in the other treatments. However, differences between treatments were not statistically signi®cant. The order effect shows that repeated 2-week bouts of dieting become increasingly ineffective. The sequence SM ± SSM ± SSM was more effective than the sequence SSM ± SSM ± SM, probably because compliance was relatively higher with the SSM or SSM diet, and compliance decreased towards the end of the complete experiment.

The effect of guar gum addition to a semisolid meal on appetite related to blood glucose, in dieting men

“…The subjects were recruited by advertisements in local newspapers, in which we asked for moderately obese male subjects who wanted to participate in a study on the effects of different low-energy diets on appetite, food intake and body weight. The subjects were a subsample of the study mentioned before that is described in Kovacs et al (2001). Selection for this study with a more intensive protocol took place according to health criteria (fasting blood glucose < 6.2 mmol=l; blood pressure < 95 mmHg (diastolic) and < 160 mmHg (systolic), no diabetes, no cardiovascular diseases, and no medical treatment) and body weight criteria (body mass index: 25 -30 kg=m 2 ).…”

“…The experimental design consisted of three treatments, each consisting of a 2 week low-energy diet and a subsequent time-blinded test, separated by a 4 week washout period (Figure 1; Kovacs et al, 2001).…”

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of total diet replacements for weight control

“…Astrup et al (1990) and Quaade et al (1990) reported lower hunger scores when the energy-restricted diet was supplemented with 30 g of fibre per day, whereas Kovacs et al (2001) and Kovacs et al (2002) observed no such effect.…”

“…Based on available evidence on bowel function, the Panel considered dietary fibre intakes of 25 g/day to be adequate for normal laxation in adults on an habitual diet (EFSA NDA Panel, 2010a). Dietary fibre doses of around 7-30 g/day with total diet replacements for weight control have been reported Quaade et al, 1990;Kovacs et al, 2001;Kovacs et al, 2002). Often the amount is individually determined.…”

“…No effects of dietary fibre addition to diet replacements for weight control on satiety ratings were observed either with 7.5 g guar gum per day (energy content 1 623-1 950 kJ/day or 388-466 kcal/day) (Kovacs et al, 2001;Kovacs et al, 2002) or 30 g birch fibre (98.5 % cellulose) per day (energy content 5 648 kJ/day or 1 350 kcal/day) Quaade et al, 1990). Astrup et al (1990) and Quaade et al (1990) reported lower hunger scores when the energy-restricted diet was supplemented with 30 g of fibre per day, whereas Kovacs et al (2001) and Kovacs et al (2002) observed no such effect.…”