The effect of acute spinal cord compression injury on thyroid function in the rat

Tator, Charles H.; Jagt, Richard H. C. Van Der; Malkin, A.

doi:10.1016/0090-3019(82)90021-0

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Depressed thyroid function has been described immediately following cord injury and could be relevant. 16 However, alterations in thyroxine activity are difficult to interpret in acutely injured patients. Tumor necrosis factor and Interleukin-1 appear to be mediators of altered protein metabolism following injury.17,18 Comparison of these monokine lev-FIG.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obligatory Negative Nitrogen Balance Following Spinal Cord Injury

Rodriguez

Clevenger

Osler

et al. 1991

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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Obligatory nitrogen losses due to paralysis in the spinal cord-injured (SCI) patient prevent positive nitrogen balance (NB) regardless of the calorie and protein intakes. Ten patients with SCI and 20 controls with nonspinal cord injury (NSCI) matched for time, sex, age, and injury severity score (ISS) were admitted to our Level I trauma center. In both groups, total nutritional support was delivered within 72 hours of admission based on predicted energy expenditures (PEE = Harris-Benedict equation x 1.2 x 1.6) and 2 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight (IBW). Subsequent changes in nutrient delivery were based on NB. No SCI patient established positive NB during the 7-week period following injury despite an average delivery of 2.4 g of protein/kg IBW and 120% of the PEE at the time of peak negative NB (-10.5). In six SCI patients, an average increase of 25% in delivered protein and 12% in delivered calories over a 1-week period effected no change in average NB (-7.4 vs -6.8). Indirect calorimetry in five SCI patients showed that calorie intakes were 110% more than average measured energy expenditures. In contrast, 17 of 20 NCSI patients achieved positive NB within 3 weeks of admission. They required an average delivery of 2.3 g of protein/kg IBW and 110% of PEE to reach positive NB. These data demonstrate the phenomenon of obligatory negative NB acutely following SCI. Aggressive attempts to achieve positive NB in these patients will fail and result in overfeeding.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obligatory Negative Nitrogen Balance Following Spinal Cord Injury

Rodriguez

Clevenger

Osler

et al. 1991

J Parenter Enteral Nutr

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“…Additional seventeen age-matched able-bodied subjects were recruited and served as control group. All SCI subjects were examined and classified prior to all exams by the same physical medicine and rehabilitation physician (APG), using ASIA classification [16]. Spasticity was classified according to the Ashworth modified scale [15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Mineral Density in Spinal Cord Injury: An Evaluation of the Distal Femur

Gaspar

Lazaretti-Castro

Brandão

2012

Journal of Osteoporosis

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Osteoporosis (OP) in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients is a secondary process in which numerous factors are involved. Diagnosing OP and the threshold for fractures in this population, based on bone mineral density (BMD) measured by double energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), is still a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral loss by DXA, its relationship with body composition and fracture incidence, in complete paraplegics patients, compared with aged-matched controls; we include a nonstandard bone site, the distal femur, and describe the technical and practical aspects of this procedure. Twenty-five SCI patients were included in the study and 17 subjects as control group. No prior or recent fractures were observed in X-ray analysis. The BMD of all femoral sites was significantly lower in patients than in controls (femoral neck, total femur, and distal femur); no difference was observed between BMD of the lumbar spine of patients and controls. We found inverse relationship between time of SCI and bone mineral mass only for distal femur BMD. We conclude that the distal femur is a more sensitive bone site for assessing bone loss by DXA, in SCI patients, than the proximal femoral sites.

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“…Clip compression (Figure 1) is an acute compression that reflects a sudden and short compression of the spinal cord such as an injury caused after a vertebral bone fracture. Developed by Rivlin and Tator, this method used a repurposed aneurysm clip to compress the spinal cord of rats using 180 g of force for varying times (1978). This study aimed to understand the importance of time and decompression from the incidence of the injury.…”

Section: Types Of Compression Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clip compression is a simple and effective method that results in an acute compression SCI. By altering the time and force of the clip this model also produces a graded injury (Do Espírito Santo et al, 2019; Rivlin & Tator, 1978; Sajad et al, 2021; Wang et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2021). This model further provides an excellent histological example of injury to the spinal cord (Hassannejad et al, 2019; Zhang et al, 2021).…”

Section: Types Of Compression Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of compression spinal cord injury

Ridlen

McGrath

Gorrie

2022

J of Neuroscience Research

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Compression spinal cord injuries are a common cause of morbidity in people who experience a spinal cord injury (SCI). Either as a by‐product of a traumatic injury or due to nontraumatic conditions such as cervical myelitis, compression injuries are growing in prevalence clinically and many attempts of animal replication have been described within the literature. These models, however, often focus on the traumatic side of injury or mimic short‐term injuries that are not representative of the majority of compression SCI. Of this, nontraumatic spinal cord injuries are severely understudied and have an increased prevalence in elderly populations, adults, and children. Therefore, there is a need to critically evaluate the current animal models of compression SCI and their suitability as a method for clinically relevant data that can help reduce morbidity and mortality of SCI. In this review, we reviewed the established and emerging methods of animal models of compression SCI. These models are the clip, balloon, solid spacer, expanding polymer, remote, weight drop, calibrated forceps, screw, and strap methods. These methods showed that there is a large reliance on the use of laminectomy to induce injury. Furthermore, the age range of many studies does not reflect the elderly and young populations that commonly suffer from compression injuries. It is therefore important to have techniques and methods that are able to minimize secondary effects of the surgeries, and are representative of the clinical cases seen so that treatments and interventions can be developed that are specific.

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The effect of acute spinal cord compression injury on thyroid function in the rat

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Obligatory Negative Nitrogen Balance Following Spinal Cord Injury

Obligatory Negative Nitrogen Balance Following Spinal Cord Injury

Bone Mineral Density in Spinal Cord Injury: An Evaluation of the Distal Femur

Animal models of compression spinal cord injury

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