The Effect of Acute Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Bronchial Clearance in the Miniature Donkey

Re, Albert; Spiegelman,; Shatsky, Stanley A.; Lippmann, Morton

doi:10.1080/00039896.1969.10665369

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Individual variations in susceptibility to impairment of clearance following acute exposure to cigarette smoke has been observed in donkeys, with one animal actually showing acoelerated clearance. 9 The same study also demonstrated that one of the milder effects of cigarette smoke was the development of the two-phase type of clearance that has been observed in most humans, regardless of smoking history.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 83%

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The Characteristics of Bronchial Clearance in Humans and the Effects of Cigarette Smoking

Albert

Lippmann

Briscoe

1969

Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal

111

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The clearance of radioactive monodisperse ferric oxide aerosols ranging in diameter from 0.8IL to 7.9IL was studied in a total of 117 experiments on 36 subjects. In most normal subjects there were two discrete periods of bronchial clearance, with the first usually completed within one to two hours, and the second within four to ten hours after inhalation. The fraction cleared in each phase was strongly dependent on the size of the inhaled particles, with more first phase clearance for larger particles. The rates of bronchial clearance were expressed in terms of the time required for completion of 50% to 90% bronchial clearance. On the basis of the limited data thus far accumulated, bronchial clearance was impaired in eight out of fourteen cigarette smokers, three out of three former uranium miners, and two out of two emphysema cases.

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Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…8,9 Obvious re1luxing of activity between the trachea and bronchi undoubtedly represented abnormal clearance. Within reasonable limits, changes in the counting efficiency constants used in obtaining corrected tracheal and lung activities could only exaggerate or minimize, but not eliminate, the observed re1luxing when it was pronounced.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characteristics of Bronchial Clearance in Humans and the Effects of Cigarette Smoking

Albert

Lippmann

Briscoe

1969

Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal

111

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“…In humans, Lippmann and Timbrell (1990) demonstrated that particle clearance from small airways could be severely disrupted by occupational exposure to amphibole asbestos fibers. Overloading of the capacity of the ciliated epithelium for short-term dust clearance by irritants such as cigaret smoke and for sulfuric acid aerosol exposures has previously been described for the larger conductive airways in humans and donkeys (Albert et al 1969a,b, 1975, Schlesinger et al 1978b, Leikauf et al 1981, 1984, Lippmann et al 1982, Spektor et al 1985), for long-term exposures to cigaret smoke in humans and donkeys (Albert et al 1969a,b, Bohning et al 1975), and for cigaret smoke in donkeys by Schlesinger et al (1978b). Disruption of the lung capacity for mucociliary clearance of the tracheobronchial airways by chemical irritants could explain the excess incidences of cough and diseases of the respiratory and GI regions to populations exposed to elevated concentrations of the large-diameter WTC Dust particles that were highly alkaline and capable of damaging or disrupting epithelial cell function.…”

Section: Dosimetry Of Wtc Dusts In Humansmentioning

confidence: 87%

Health effects of World Trade Center (WTC) Dust: An unprecedented disaster with inadequate risk management

Lippmann¹,

Cohen²,

Chen³

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

Self Cite

100

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The World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers in New York City collapsed on 9/11/2001, converting much of the buildings’ huge masses into dense dust clouds of particles that settled on the streets and within buildings throughout Lower Manhattan. About 80–90% of the settled WTC Dust, ranging in particle size from ~2.5 μm upward, was a highly alkaline mixture of crushed concrete, gypsum, and synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) that was readily resuspendable by physical disturbance and low-velocity air currents. High concentrations of coarse and supercoarse WTC Dust were inhaled and deposited in the conductive airways in the head and lungs, and subsequently swallowed, causing both physical and chemical irritation to the respiratory and gastroesophageal epithelia. There were both acute and chronic adverse health effects in rescue/recovery workers; cleanup workers; residents; and office workers, especially in those lacking effective personal respiratory protective equipment. The numerous health effects in these people were not those associated with the monitored PM2.5 toxicants, which were present at low concentrations, that is, asbestos fibers, transition and heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs, and dioxins. Attention was never directed at the very high concentrations of the larger-sized and highly alkaline WTC Dust particles that, in retrospect, contained the more likely causal toxicants. Unfortunately, the initial focus of the air quality monitoring and guidance on exposure prevention programs on low-concentration components was never revised. Public agencies need to be better prepared to provide reliable guidance to the public on more appropriate means of exposure assessment, risk assessment, and preventive measures.

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“…91 The relative increase in transport is greater in the small airways,106 which may be partly due to the adrenergic stimulation caused by tobacco smoke.…”

Section: Effects Of Pollutants On Mucociliary Transport Cigarette Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles.

Lippmann¹,

Yeates²,

Albert³

1980

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

298

237

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The relation between the concentrations and characteristics of air contaminants in the work place and the resultant toxic doses and potential hazards after their inhalation depends greatly on their patterns of deposition and the rates and pathways for their clearance from the deposition sites. The distribution of the deposition sites of inhaled particles is strongly dependent on their aerodynamic diameters. For normal man, inhaled non-hygroscopic particles > 2 ,um that deposit in the conducting airways by impaction are concentrated on to a small fraction of the surface. Cigarette smoking and bronchitis produce a proximal shift in the deposition pattern. The major factor affecting the deposition of smaller particles is their transfer from tidal to reserve air.For particles soluble in respiratory tract fluid, systemic uptake may be relatively complete for all deposition patterns, and there may be local toxic or irritant effects or both. On the other hand, slowly soluble particles depositing in the conducting airways are carried on the surface to the glottis and are swallowed within one day. Mucociliary transport rates are highly variable, both along the ciliated airways of a given individual and between individuals. The changes in clearance rates produced by drugs, cigarette smoke, and other environmental pollutants can greatly increase or decrease these rates. Particles deposited in non-ciliated airways have large surface-to-volume ratios, and clearance by dissolution can occur for materials generally considered insoluble. They may also be cleared as free particles either by passive transport along surface liquids or, after phagocytosis, by transport within alveolar macrophages. If the particles penetrate the epithelium, either bare or within macrophages, they may be sequestered within cells or enter the lymphatic circulation and be carried to pleural, hilar, and more distant lymph nodes. Non-toxic insoluble particles are cleared from the alveolar region in a series of temporal phases. The earliest, lasting several weeks, appears to include the clearance of phagocytosed particles via the bronchial tree. The terminal phases appear to be related to solubility at interstitial sites. While the mechanisms and dynamics of particle deposition and clearance are reasonably well established in broad outline, reliable quantitative data are lacking in many specific areas. More information is needed on: (1) normal behaviour, (2) the extent of the reserve capacity of the system to cope with occupational exposures, and (3) the role of compensatory changes in airway sizes and in secretory and transport rates in providing protection against occupational exposures, and in relation to the development and progression of dysfunction and disease.

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The Effect of Acute Exposure to Cigarette Smoke on Bronchial Clearance in the Miniature Donkey

Cited by 29 publications

References 8 publications

The Characteristics of Bronchial Clearance in Humans and the Effects of Cigarette Smoking

The Characteristics of Bronchial Clearance in Humans and the Effects of Cigarette Smoking

Health effects of World Trade Center (WTC) Dust: An unprecedented disaster with inadequate risk management

Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles.

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