The effect of access to water, sanitation and handwashing facilities on child growth indicators: Evidence from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016

Bekele, Tolesa; Rahman, Bayzidur; Rawstorne, Patrick

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239313

Cited by 35 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The results are presented in Table 4. Interestingly, we find no significant improvement in outcomes among those in the bottom quartile, which echoes previous findings (Bekele et al., 2020). However, we find statistically significant and increasing effects in the top three quartiles.…”

Section: Empirical Evidencesupporting

confidence: 90%

Direct and indirect effects of a massive piped water expansion on child‐related outcomes

Chong

Galdo

2021

Review Development Economics

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We explore the effects of a massive water supply and sanitation expansion on child mortality, schooling, and child labor in Ecuador. We combine census data with project administrative information to identify treated dwellings. A matching differences‐in‐differences estimator is used to identify treatment effects. We find a child mortality reduction of about 8.1%, an increase in children formal schooling of 1.3%, and a reduction in child labor of 13.7%, all attributable to the intervention. We also find heterogeneous treatment effects suggesting that those in the poorest quartiles benefit the least from the intervention. However, even in the latter case, if a woman had at least primary education, the household may still enjoy benefits.

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Section: Empirical Evidencesupporting

confidence: 90%

Direct and indirect effects of a massive piped water expansion on child‐related outcomes

Chong

Galdo

2021

Review Development Economics

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“…Washing hands with soap and water also helps in the reduction of respiratory tract infections, and stunting among children. 30 - 32 This difference might be due to sampling size, study design, setting, climate, tradition, poverty status, and water sanitation and hygiene intervention strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handwashing Practice and Its Predictors Among Mothers of Children Aged 0 to 23 Months in South Ethiopia: Community Based Cross-Sectional Study

Mekonen¹,

Admasie

Leka

et al. 2021

Environ�Health�Insights

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Background: Maternal handwashing practice is an important measure to prevent the spreading of childhood disease. Handwashing is still being practiced to a very low extent especially at critical times since the global prevalence of handwashing with soap was estimated at 19% by a systematic review after compiling 42 studies all over the world. Objective: To assess the handwashing practice and its predictors among mothers of children aged 0 to 23 months in Mareka District, south Ethiopia, 2020. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a multistage sampling technique on 520 women having children aged 0 to 23 months in Mareka District. Data were collected by using interviewer-administered pre-tested structured questionnaires. Data were checked for completeness and entered into Epi data entry 4.6.2. The data were exported into SPSS version 22 for analysis with multivariate logistic regression analysis at P < .05. Result: Mothers wash their hands with soap and water after visiting the latrine (27.1%), after cleaning the child’s bottom (28.5%), before cooking (6.2%), before eating (6.9%), and before feeding the child (21.2%). The most important predictors were water availability near the handwashing location with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 5.26 (95% CI 1.99-13.69) and soap availability near the handwashing location with AOR 0.40 (95% CI 0.18-0.89) for good handwashing practice. Conclusion: The handwashing practice at critical times was low. The presences of water and soap near the handwashing location were the most important predictors. It is necessary to increase the provision of both water and soap near the handwashing location for improving handwashing with soap and water at key times.

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“…To ensure sample size sufficiency, sample size was calculated using the prevalence of stunting (46%) [8] which was 382, calculated using a factor of unsafe water source which was a significant predictor of stunting [17] which was 320, and also the sample size was calculated using combined WASH variables which were significant predictors of stunting [18] which was 204. However, the total sample size calculated using all others was less than the one calculated using the prevalence of stunting.…”

Section: Sample Size Determination and Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water, sanitation, and hygiene as a priority intervention for stunting in under-five children in northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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Background Stunting was a significant public health problem for under-five in developing countries including Ethiopia. Globally, it was estimated 21.9% or 149 million (81.7 million in Asia and 58.8 million in Africa) under-five children stunted in 2018. In East Africa, 24 million are stunted which is the highest-burden from African regions. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of stunting and its association with Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in northwestern Ethiopia. Method A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 630 participants from December to mid-January 2019. From five kebeles, two were selected by a simple random sampling technique for the study. To reach study participants a systematic sampling technique was used. Data were collected by using an observational checklist, pretested questionnaire, and anthropometric measurement. Anthropometric indicator, height-for-age was determined using the current World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was computed to analyze the data. From the multivariable analysis the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and P-value < 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Result The prevalence of stunting among under-five children was 35.6% (95%CI; 31.9–39.5%). The result from this study showed that having illiterate father and mother, give birth before marriage (single), large family size, short maternal height, unimproved drinking water source, unimproved sanitation, poor hygienic practice, having diarrhea in the previous 2 weeks before the data collection, method of child feeding, age at which complementary feeding started, frequency of feeding, not deworming and mothers who had antenatal care visit of fewer than three times were statistically associated with stunting. Conclusion In this study, stunting was an important public health problem among under-five children. It remains the same as the national average prevalence of Ethiopia. To alleviate this problem proper family planning utilization, good dietary intake, maternal and paternal education, and WASH interventions are critical.

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The effect of access to water, sanitation and handwashing facilities on child growth indicators: Evidence from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016

Cited by 35 publications

References 37 publications

Direct and indirect effects of a massive piped water expansion on child‐related outcomes

Direct and indirect effects of a massive piped water expansion on child‐related outcomes

Handwashing Practice and Its Predictors Among Mothers of Children Aged 0 to 23 Months in South Ethiopia: Community Based Cross-Sectional Study

Water, sanitation, and hygiene as a priority intervention for stunting in under-five children in northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

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