The Effect of a Single Bout of Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Glucose, Insulin and Glucagon Concentrations Compared to Resting Conditions in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Frampton, James E.; Cobbold, Benjamin; Nozdrin, Mikhail; Oo, Htet T H; Wilson, Holly; Murphy, Kevin G.; Frost, Gary; Chambers, Edward S.

doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01473-2

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Though overall insulin responses to the OGTT were lowest for EX, there were no significant effects on insulin iAUC or differences between timepoints compared to the other three trials. We found this surprising, as several studies have reported improvements in insulin responses to aerobic exercise [ 35 , 36 ]. Our results for EX may be explained most clearly by the fact that the exercise was performed 12–14 h prior to the OGTT, potentially diminishing exercise’s insulin sensitizing effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Whey protein improves glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test compared to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise in young adult men

Gordon

Zumbro

Castleberry

et al. 2022

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background Both aerobic exercise and whey protein can improve glucose regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how a single bout of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise and whey protein, independently, as well as when combined, influence glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test in sedentary, young men. Methods Healthy males (n = 11) completed four randomized trials: no exercise/no whey protein (R); exercise (EX; walking at 70% VO2max for 60 min); 50 g of whey protein (W); and exercise combined with 50 g of whey protein (EXW). Each trial included a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) that was completed after an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected over a two-hour period during the OGTT. For EX and EXW, the exercise was performed the evening before the OGTT and the 50 g of whey protein was dissolved in 250 mL of water and was consumed as a preload 30 min prior to the OGTT. For R and EX, participants consumed 250 mL of water prior to the OGTT. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and postprandial incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated for each. Results Glucose iAUC was reduced during W (− 32.9 ± 22.3 mmol/L) compared to R (122.7 ± 29.8 mmol/L; p < 0.01) and EX (154.3 ± 29.2 mmol/L; p < 0.01). Similarly, glucose iAUC was reduced for EXW (17.4 ± 28.9 mmol/L) compared to R and EX (p < 0.01 for both). There were no differences in iAUC for insulin, C-peptide, GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon between the four trials. Insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 were elevated during the whey protein preload period for W and EXW compared to EX and R (p < 0.01). There were no differences for insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GIP, or GLP-1 between trials for the remaining duration of the OGTT. Conclusions Glucose responses during an oral glucose tolerance test were improved for W compared to EX. There were no additional improvements in glucose responses when vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise was combined with whey protein (EXW).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Whey protein improves glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test compared to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise in young adult men

Gordon

Zumbro

Castleberry

et al. 2022

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Though overall insulin responses to the OGTT were lowest for EX, there were no signi cant effects on insulin iAUC or differences between timepoints compared to the other three trials. We found this surprising, as several studies have reported improvements in insulin responses to aerobic exercise 34,35 . Our results for EX may be explained most clearly by the fact that the exercise was performed 12-14 hours prior to the OGTT, potentially diminishing exercise's insulin sensitizing effects.…”

Section: Glucose/insulinmentioning

confidence: 62%

Whey protein improves glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test compared to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise in young adult men

Gordon

Zumbro

Castleberry

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Both aerobic exercise and whey protein can improve glucose regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how a single bout of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise and whey protein, independently, as well as when combined, influence glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test in sedentary, young men.Methods: Healthy males (n = 11) completed four randomized trials: no exercise/no whey protein (R); exercise (EX; walking at 70% VO2max for 60 min); 50 g of whey protein (W); and exercise combined with 50 g of whey protein (EXW). Each trial included a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) that was completed after an overnight fast, and blood samples were collected over a two-hour period during the OGTT. For EX and EXW, the exercise bout was performed the evening before the OGTT. Additionally, for W and EXW, the 50 g of whey protein was consumed as a preload 30 minutes prior to the OGTT. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and postprandial incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated for each. Results: Glucose iAUC was reduced during W (-32.9 ± 22.3 mmol/L) compared to R (122.7 ± 29.8 mmol/L; p < 0.01) and EX (154.3 ± 29.2 mmol/L; p < 0.01). Similarly, glucose iAUC was reduced for EXW (17.4 ± 28.9 mmol/L) compared to R and EX (p < 0.01 for both). There were no differences in iAUC for insulin, C-peptide, GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon between the four trials. Insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 were elevated during the whey protein preload period for W and EXW compared to EX and R (p < 0.01). There were no differences for insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GIP, or GLP-1 between trials for the remaining duration of the OGTT.Conclusions: Glucose responses during an oral glucose tolerance test were improved for W compared to EX. There were no additional improvements in glucose responses when vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise was combined with whey protein (EXW).

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“…12 Acute exercise can decrease glucose and insulin concentrations in postprandial states in healthy adults, suggesting a potential role for acute exercise in improving the cardiometabolic health. 13 However, currently, there is inconsistent evidence regarding the optimal intensity, type, and duration of exercise necessary to reduce the markers of glycemia and insulinemia. Therefore, it is important to explore the influence of major exercise modalities on PPG and PPI changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐intensity interval exercise versus moderate‐intensity continuous exercise on postprandial glucose and insulin responses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2022

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Summary We performed a meta‐analysis to investigate the effects of high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE) as compared to moderate‐intensity exercise (MIE) and a control condition (CON) on postprandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) responses. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were comprehensively searched to identify relevant studies until October 2021. Separate analyses were conducted for HIIE versus MIE and HIIE versus CON. A total of 30 studies comprising 36 intervention arms and involving 467 participants (350 adults) were included in the meta‐analysis. HIIE reduced PPG and PPI when compared with CON. Based on subgroup analyses, reductions in PPG and PPI were significant for both children and adult participants, as well as for healthy participants and participants with metabolic disorders, with larger effects in those with metabolic disorders. There were no significant differences between HIIE and MIE for PPG or PPI. However, when comparing studies matched for total work performed, HIIE was more effective for decreasing PPG as compared with MIE. HIIE is effective for reducing PPG and PPI in both children and adult participants, particularly in those with metabolic disorders. In addition, HIIE has superior effects for reducing PPG as compared with MIE, when equivalent work was performed at both intensity levels.

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The Effect of a Single Bout of Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Glucose, Insulin and Glucagon Concentrations Compared to Resting Conditions in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Cited by 21 publications

References 86 publications

Whey protein improves glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test compared to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise in young adult men

Whey protein improves glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test compared to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise in young adult men

Whey protein improves glycemia during an oral glucose tolerance test compared to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise in young adult men

High‐intensity interval exercise versus moderate‐intensity continuous exercise on postprandial glucose and insulin responses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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