The effect of a first flush rainwater harvesting and subsurface irrigation system on E. coli and pathogen concentrations in irrigation water, soil, and produce

Morgado, Michele E.; Hudson, Claire L.; Chattopadhyay, Suhana; Ta, Kaitlin; East, Cheryl; Purser, Nathan; Allard, Sarah; Ferrier, M. Drew; Sapkota, Amy R.; Sharma, Manan; Goldstein, Rachel E. Rosenberg

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156976

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…According to Ibrahim [25], the filtration process not only reduced the contaminants, but prevented the larva eggs and avoid mosquitoes breeding from entering storage tank. Numerous applications are used in the removal of fine suspended particles from rainwater, including first flush diverters [26], [27], sand [28] and activated carbon [29]. Despite the growing variety of filters for rainwater filtration on the market, there are still limitations, mainly due to the adaptability of rainwater filters in the building, clogging problems in the filter medium, energy consumption and many more.…”

Section: Filtration Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) for buildings: A mini review on guidelines and potential as alternative water supply in Malaysia

Juiani,

Chang,

Leo

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Malaysia receives an abundance of rain annually (≈ 2400mm/year). The country, however, is not excused from water crises such as floods and water shortages. According to the National Water Services Commission (SPAN) data, Malaysia water consumption in year 2021 is 201 LCD and may encounter a water shortage crisis if the situation is not improved in the future. Rainwater harvesting (RWHS) has great potential in tackling water shortages. It can also combat water scarcity holistically and reduce dependency on treated water from dam reservoirs. RWHS is a sustainable alternative to tackle water crises with minimal environmental impact. Currently RWHS used for non-potable purposes like cleaning, toilet flushing, and irrigation. Due to the nature of the catchment area, there are several ways in which contaminants can enter the rainwater system and compromise the water quality. Elements such as topography, weather, and pollution sources, have a direct impact on the quality of rainwater that is collected and stored. In addition to the non-potable uses, RWH has been used for potable water in countries such as Australia and Bangladesh, but the total number of uses is still very small. For potable use, regular monitoring is required because it poses a health risk due to the presence of chemical, physical, and microbiological contaminants. If the water quality parameters meet the acceptable levels of water supply, harvested rainwater could be used for drinking purposes in many countries in the future. To ensure consistently good water quality, it is essential to establish standard operating procedures and maintenance schedules based on water safety plan approaches for both household and institutional users. This paper aims to review existing management guidelines and explore potential technologies for rainwater harvesting in buildings across Malaysia.

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Section: Filtration Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) for buildings: A mini review on guidelines and potential as alternative water supply in Malaysia

Juiani,

Chang,

Leo

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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“…Many health concerns arise when using untreated harvested rainwater as drinking water due to possible microbial and chemical contamination [8,[24][25][26]. In the developing world, rainwater harvesting is used for both potable and nonpotable purposes [11,[26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality and the First-Flush Effect in Roof-Based Rainwater Harvesting, Part II: First Flush

Lay,

Vogel,

Belden

et al. 2024

Water

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Rainwater runoff samples from a range of roofing materials were temporally collected from 19 small-scale roof structures and two commercial buildings through simulated and actual storm events, and the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFLs), and pyrethroid insecticides and other water quality parameters were analyzed. In Part I of this research, the concentrations of these contaminants in roof runoff and soils receiving runoff from a range of roofing materials were evaluated. In Part II, recommendations have been developed for a first-flush exclusion to improve the quality of water harvesting for nonpotable uses. Recommendations focus on a first-flush diversion based on mass removals of total suspended solids (TSS) and PAHs linked to conductivity measurements throughout a storm event. Additionally, an upper-confidence limit (UCL) was constructed to determine the minimum diversion required to obtain 50, 75, 90, and 95% mass removal of TSS and PAH contaminants. The majority of TSS were produced during the initial 1.2 mm of runoff. Likewise, the majority of PAHs were removed during the initial 1.2 mm of runoff, except for the asphalt shingle roofs, where high PAHs were observed after 6 mm of runoff. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB)-recommended first-flush diversion of one gallon for every 100 square feet of rooftop was not always adequate for removing 50% of TSS and PAHs from the roofs. Rainwater runoff conductivity decreased drastically between 1.2 to 2.4 mm of rainwater runoff. Diverting the first flush based on conductivity has the potential to also divert the majority of TSS and PAHs in roof runoff.

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“…Stormwater harvesting was regarded as an effective approach to avoid the surface runoff and decrease the flooding possibility during rainfall events through water green infrastructure or sensitive urban design technologies. , It was noted that the collected rainwater could serve as a supplementary of drinking water for sustainable applications. , The domestic water demand could be met with the domestic roofing rainwater harvesting and cleaner production after the crucial and effective treatment, impacted by various conditions including topography, climate, and anthropogenic activities around, especially in the arid or semiarid areas . Generally, the roofing rainwater quality would be deteriorated by the deposited impurities (e.g., microorganisms, bird dung, and debris), which accumulate from the atmosphere onto the roofing material’s surface in the dry deposition process. − Thus, rainwater harvesting (RWH) for domestic uses is regarded as a promising approach to realize the urban rainwater utilization and water supply requirements. , However, due to health and environmental concerns, the roof contamination due to biological organisms and other environmental pollutants has challenged the application of roof runoff rainwater for domestic and industrial applications as an alternative water resource. , Lai et al have reported that only 18% of the roof-collected rainwater samples complied with the water quality standards of New Zealand . Therefore, it is pretty clear and crucial that the harvested rainwater warrants treatment prior to human consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flux Improvement and Biofilm Performance of an Oblique Gravity-Driven Ceramic Membrane Bioreactor Coupled with Electrocoagulation for Roofing Rainwater Purification

Du,

Ma,

Liang

et al. 2023

ACS EST Eng.

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In stormwater harvesting, an effective method to avoid flooding risk and pollutant migration, the collected roofing rainwater can meet part of the domestic water demand and alleviate the water resources crisis. In the current work, an innovative oblique membrane tank layout mode was involved in the electrocoagulation coupled with a gravity-driven ceramic membrane bioreactor (EC/GDCMBR), which was suitable for distributed roof rainwater treatment facilities in rural water-scarce areas. The oblique-EC/GDCMBR system could improve the biofilm formation and porosity in the membrane tank to realize rainwater treatment and reuse. Compared with the traditional layout of lateral-EC/GDCMBR during the long-term operation of 82 days, the oblique-EC/GDCMBR system not only presented the improved permeation flux of ∼40 LMH compared to that of lateral-EC/GDCMBR (∼34 LMH), but also exhibited a lower irreversible fouling resistance (oblique: 1.68 × 10 9 m −1 vs. lateral: 2.02 × 10 9 m −1 ). Moreover, the biofilm characteristics were determined to evaluate the improved flux and biofilm in oblique-EC/GDCMBR. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents also confirmed the higher biological activity in oblique-EC/GDCMBR. The abundance of Denitratisoma (∼15.38%) in the sludge and Nitrospira (∼3.35%) in the biofilm explained the different nitrogen removal approaches in oblique-EC/GDCMBR. Besides, oblique-EC/GDCMBR exhibited excellent water purification performance with the standard effluent water quality. In a word, this work presents the advantage and reliability of oblique-EC/GDCMBR for roofing rainwater sustainable treatment.

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The effect of a first flush rainwater harvesting and subsurface irrigation system on E. coli and pathogen concentrations in irrigation water, soil, and produce

Cited by 6 publications

References 50 publications

Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) for buildings: A mini review on guidelines and potential as alternative water supply in Malaysia

Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) for buildings: A mini review on guidelines and potential as alternative water supply in Malaysia

Water Quality and the First-Flush Effect in Roof-Based Rainwater Harvesting, Part II: First Flush

Flux Improvement and Biofilm Performance of an Oblique Gravity-Driven Ceramic Membrane Bioreactor Coupled with Electrocoagulation for Roofing Rainwater Purification

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