The effect of 1,3-butanediol and carbohydrate supplementation on running performance

Abstract

Objectives: Ingested ketogenic agents offer the potential to enhance endurance performance via the provision of an alternative exogenous, metabolically efficient, glycogen-sparing fuel (i.e. ketone bodies). This study aimed to assess the impact of combined carbohydrate and 1,3-butanediol (CHO-BD) supplementation on endurance performance, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) concentration and glycolytic activity, in comparison to carbohydrate supplementation alone (CHO). Design: Eleven male runners (age 38 ± 12 years, mass 67.3 ± 6.5 kg, height 174.5 ± 5.0 cm, V O2peak 64.2 ± 5.0 ml•kg-1 •min-1) performed two experimental trials in a randomised crossover design. Methods: Each trial consisted of 60 min of submaximal running, followed by a 5 km running time-trial (TT), and was performed following the ingestion of an energy matched ~650 ml drink (CHO-BD or CHO). Results: There was no difference in TT completion time between the trials (CHO: 1265 ± 93, CHO-BD: 1261 ± 96 s; p=0.723). However, blood βHB concentration in the CHO-BD trial was at least double that of the CHO trial at all time points following supplementation (p<0.05). While blood lactate concentration was lower in the CHO-BD versus CHO trial after 30 min submaximal exercise (CHO-BD: 1.46 ± 0.67 mmol•L-1 , CHO: 1.77 ± 0.46 mmol•L-1 , p=0.040), it was similar at other time points. Blood glucose concentrations were higher post-TT in the CHO-BD trial (CHO-BD: 5.83 ± 1.02 mmol•L-1 , CHO: 5.26 ± 0.95 mmol•L-1 , p=0.015). Conclusions: An energy matched CHO-BD supplementation drink raised βHB concentration and acutely lowered blood lactate concentration, without enhancing 5km TT running performance.

Dose Response of a Novel Exogenous Ketone Supplement on Physiological, Perceptual and Performance Parameters

“…We found that neither administration nor dose of βHB+MCT in uenced heart rate, RR, RER, VO 2 , VCO 2 , VE, or estimated metabolic oxidation rates. HR has elevated with ketone salts administration [15,16] or reductions in HR with ester administration [18,20], with the vast majority consistent with our ndings across exogenous ketone supplements [19,[21][22][23]25]. While most exogenous ketone evaluations have not observed changes in RER in agreement with our observations, some analyses have observed differences [8,13,14].…”

“…*** Figure 4 Goes here*** Discussion A consistent nding across all exogenous ketone bodies is their ability to induce rapid and widespread changes in metabolism, including consistent changes in circulating metabolic concentrations, ketones, glucose, lactate, amino acids, and/or free-fatty acids. Unsurprisingly, all analyses to date have demonstrated that exogenous ketones signi cantly elevate circulating blood ketones, although to differing extents pending the exogenous agent [5,8,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Synthetic 1,3 BD and/or esters raise R-βHB to a greater extent than ketone salts [3,6].…”

“…None the less, Rand S-βHB have differential metabolic consequences with the latter being less readily oxidizable [6,36], suggesting that determining R-βHB are likely more relevant in assessing metabolic substrate induce energetic shifts on performance [37]. Ketone elevations are often accompanied by signi cant or directional reductions in basal blood glucose or post-exercise glucose elevations, with rare exceptions [22]. While we did not observe signi cant administration effect on blood glucose in the present analyses, we did see non-signi cant blunting of post-exercise glucose elevations with KS2 (31.1% rise, compared to 45% in KS1 and 40.5% rise in PLA), suggesting a potential dosing effect of βHB+MCT on blood glucose.…”

“…The physiologic, perceptual, and/or performance impact of exogenous ketone bodies' have been mostly con ned to the administration of individual types [5,8,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. However, Kesl et al and Ari et al illustrated unique metabolic kinetics when co-administering diverse forms of exogenous ketones [3,24].…”

“…Consequently, our group explored the metabolic and performance impact of βHB-salts and MCTs on 5-km running in well trained runners and found that this was well tolerated, altered systemic metabolism, and augmented and attenuated 8/10 and 2/10 5k runner performance, respectively [25]. However, furthering limiting our knowledge on the impact of exogenous ketones bodies, is that almost all human trials has explored single dose/dosing protocols [5,8,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] limiting our understanding on the potential convergent and/or divergent dose-response across physiologic, metabolic, and performance parameters, with limited exception [6,8]. Thus, we explored both the administration and dose response of βHB-salt and MCT on physiological, perceptual, as well as physical and cognitive performance parameters.…”