The effect and mechanism of chloride ion attack on portland cement concrete and the structural steel reinforcement

Effect of Limestone Addition on Physicochemical Properties of Cement: A Case Study of Laboratory Prepared Portland Cement, Sokoto Portland Cement and Dangote Portland Cement

“…The recent findings show that the addition of calcareous material (limestone) up to the range of 5-7% in cement mortar have smaller influence on shrinkage as compared to siliceous additives. It is also confirmed by different investigators that there is no remarkable effect on the soundness of OPC paste with up to 10% replacement by limestone additives [29].…”

“…The effect of limestone powder on the water requirement of OPC and blended cement has been studied extensively and a majority of findings are in favor of a better workability of mortar and lowering the water requirement for neat paste containing limestone. The improvement in the workability of paste and mortar is due to suitable texture fineness and particle size distribution of cement containing limestone [29].…”

“…Many research papers on influence of limestone powder on hydration of Portland cement have reported that the C 3 S hydration rate is accelerated when the amount and fineness of CaCO 3 is increased. This is due to the fact that they generate a large number of nucleation sites for precipitation of the hydration products [29].…”

Calcium Hydroxide Chlorides: The Ternary System Ca(OH)2‐CaCl2‐H2O at 25, 40, and 60 °C, Phase Stoichiometry and Crystal Structure

“…According to their composition x Ca(OH) 2 · y CaCl 2 · z H 2 O they are referred to as x‐y‐z phases. Their occurrence is often described in conjunction with dechlorination of waste flue gases, processes of the chemical raw materials industry, and concrete corrosion . As well as composition, a fundamental understanding of the conditions of formation and stability is required to control, or avoid, the occurrence of calcium hydroxide chlorides.…”

Microbial corrosion of steel coupons in a freshwater habitat in the Niger Delta

“…Badmos and Ajimotokan, (2009) demonstrated that low pH encouraged corrosion but higher pH reduced corrosion rates. The work of Birnin-Yauri and Garba (2006), demonstrated that low concentration of chloride ions caused corrosion of steel used for reinforcement. According to Jaganathan et al 13% Cr is required for stable passivity of a Fe-Cr alloy in acidic and neutral solutions not containing inhibitors.…”