OF THE DISSERTATIONEnemies of the American Way: Identity and Presidential Foreign Policymaking, 1885-1901 By DAVID MISLAN Dissertation Director:Edward RhodesThis dissertation asks and answers the question, "Why do threat identifications vary among presidents?" It considers four plausible explanations for differences in threat identification and concludes that a new approach, a rule-based (RBI) theory of threat identification, provides the most useful answer. The RBI approach posits that American identity is subjectively defined and varies among individuals. By analyzing the constitutive rules that a president uses to describe American identity, RBI theory explains the variation in the types of behavior that each president identifies as threatening. This dissertation concludes that how a president conceptualizes American identity will influence the types of threats he identifies. Its findings are based on a comparative case study of the presidents of the late nineteenth century. My work brought me into contact with many Americans working on the NMD project. They included civilians, officers, and even a retired general. With each interview, I dutifully executed my list of questions about America's relationship with its allies and how NMD fit into the broader picture of national security. As a bonus, I threw in an additional question at the end of the interviews. I asked these men and women who were dedicating their professional careers to NMD if they felt that missile defense was absolutely necessary. The responses they gave were a dissertation itself.ivThe majority opinion was that NMD was absolutely crucial for national defense.The reason what that they believed that it was only a matter of time before rogue states would launch an unprovoked attack on the United States. These answers were so similar to each other that I initially suspected that they were rehearsed; rogue states hated America because of "what it stands for" and were jealous of our way of life.Additionally, they argued that these rogue states, such as Iraq and North Korea, could not be reasoned with and could not be deterred. They were anti-social; they were inherent enemies of the United States. Popular terms like "nuclear blackmail" accented their opinions. These people were convinced that a group of regionally influential states were going to develop weapons of mass destruction and delivery systems, and then use them against the United States. The American government needed to be ready for this inevitability.The minority disagreed, although quietly. These people, who were also working on NMD, believed that rogue states were not a threat.