“…Despite of this complexity, within the public schooling context, accountability can be often understood as "the process by which school districts and states (or other constituents) attempt to ensure that schools and school systems meet their goals" (Rothman, 1995, p. 189). Reflecting on educational context, researchers have explored multiple forms of accountability (e.g., Cranston, 2013;Elmore, 2004;Firestone & Shipps, 2005;Fullan, Rincón-Gallardo, & Hargreaves, 2015;Gonzalez & Firestone, 2013;Normore, 2004). To frame the literature on accountability, we use two analytical dimensions: (1) process versus outcome accountability (Patil, Vieider, & Tetlock, 2014) and 2external versus internal accountability (Newmann, 1997).…”