The economics of attitudes: A different approach to utility functions of players in tourism marketing coalitional networks

Competitor Perceptions in Tourism Coopetition

“…A longitudinal study on the tourism industry in Macau reveals a change in incumbent firms’ mindsets from competitive to coopetitive in order to cope with drastic changes in market conditions and regulatory policies (Fong, Wong, and Hong 2018). Stakeholders are likely to display different mindsets, and their attitudes toward collaboration and their expectations regarding prospective outcomes become heterogeneous, which results in non-equal contributions (Khalilzadeh and Wang 2018).…”

“…By collaborating with those who face the same challenges, tourism firms are found to be more effective, and their individual performance can be significantly increased. However, competition among involved actors can make collaborative arrangements fragile (Khalilzadeh and Wang 2018).…”

“…The literature formalizes the tensions felt as an actual and experienced state of cognitive and emotional stress inside an organization (Gnyawali et al 2016), involving both strain and conflict between contradictory demands. Research on paradoxical tensions relate them to the conflicting roles played by actors within a coopetitive relationship (Bengtsson and Kock 2000); knowledge sharing and protecting interests in view of coopetition goal achievement without losing control of proprietary knowledge (Fernandez and Chiambaretto 2016); power asymmetries that may be exploited by the stronger partner (Czakon 2009); and the possibility of various opportunistic behaviors (Tidström, Ritala, and Lainema 2018), in particular through nonequal contributions or free-riding (Khalilzadeh and Wang 2018). These tensions play a negative role in establishing coopetition in tourism as the perceived risks associated with coopetition might prevail over the benefits.…”

“…Scholars recognize that simultaneous collaboration and competition with the same actors involves cognitive, emotional, and behavioral tensions (Tidström 2014) inherent to paradoxical contexts (Czakon, Fernandez, and Minà 2014), where contradictions between value creation and appropriation are particularly pronounced (Ritala and Tidström 2014). It is important to understand how individuals cope with the tensions associated with the contradictory demands of collaboration and competition (Khalilzadeh and Wang 2018), as coopetition poses a behavioral challenge to individuals in terms of finding a position when a competitor becomes a partner (Le Roy and Czakon 2016). Collaboration often presents challenges to participants, particularly when there is a real or perceived divergence between the individual interests of participants in a collaborative arrangement and the collective interests of the collaborative endeavor as a whole (Fyall, Garrod, and Wang 2012).…”

The lone digital tourism entrepreneur: Knowledge acquisition and collaborative transfer

“…In applying empirically informed theory from outside the tourism sector, we have been able to address the isolation issues facing 'lonewolf' tourism entrepreneurs while trying to adopt DM. By utilising modes of knowledge acquisition theory (Cooper, 2006;Ruhanen, 2018) and a technology-in-practice perspective (Morgan-Thomas, 2016) we have been able to extrapolate critical insights, which further inform research in the adoption of DM by entrepreneurs, thereby contributing to the wider study of tourism SMTBs (Khalilzadeh & Wang, 2018;Pavlovich, 2014).…”