The Economic Significance of Statistical Research Activities of Representative Offices of Companies Abroad
Abstract: The modern development of economic relations is unthinkable without obtaining data to make an informed and rational business management decision. This situation determines the significance of statistical information and justifies its primary role. This article presents statistical analytics data that discloses activity directions implemented abroad by commercial offices of the Russian Federation. In turn, the study, analysis, and evaluation of statistical data contribute to the formation and implementation of … Show more
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Artificial Intelligence in Analyzing the Capital Structure Effect on Financial Stability
Financial stability is an important measure used by stakeholders to assess the financial situation of an entity concerned. Economic worries caused by internal business issues, global processes, and international economic (regional) integration may increase the entity’s exposure to external factors. Financial stability considers the entity’s dependence on creditors and investors, i.e. the debt-to-equity ratio. Significant liabilities that are not fully covered by the entity’s own liquid funds create preconditions for bankruptcy should any large creditor demand settlement of any debts owed to it. However, borrowed funds can significantly increase the return on equity. Therefore, in analyzing financial stability, it is very important to use a system of indicators that indicate the entity’s future risks and profita-bility. Financial stability is the principal objective of financial analysis. The nature and scope of such economic analysis are aimed to determine the entity’s internal capacities, means, and methods for improving the entity’s financial stability. Thus, financial stability is understood as the entity’s guaranteed solvency and creditworthiness resulting from the effective formation, distribution, and application of financial resources in the entity’s business operations. Financial stability is assessed based on the working capital to inventory ratio and debt to equity ratio. Business entities are independent in establishing business relationships with their contract partners; therefore, they are fully responsible for the decisions they make. The increasing importance of financial analysis for the entity’s own financial situation and for its business partners is explained by the increasing demand for additional sources of business financing and the requirement to increase the productiveness of capital resources. Entity’s financial stability analysis should not focus on the current financial activities only. It should also determine what measures should be taken on a continuous basis to maintain and improve the entity’s financial situation. Both current and future stability, i.e. the entity’s sustainability, must be ensured to provide conditions for state-of-the-art competitive production. An entity is a complex system consisting of many subsystems; therefore, a complex method must be applied to analyze its stability, i.e. using a system of financial stability indicators. Present-day diversity of financial stability indicators, including both absolute and relative indicators, makes the analysis difficult and overcomplicated, creating difficulties in combining the findings of the analysis to make conclusions about the entity’s financial stability. Absolute indicators, namely equity, borrowed capital, assets, cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable, profit, play an important role in the analysis of an entity’s financial stability. Equally important are absolute indicators calculated in the analysis of financial statements: net assets, working capital, working capital to inventory ratio, stable liabilities. These indicators are criterial as they are used to establish the criteria used in the financial analysis. An entity should have a flexible structure of financial resources and, if necessary, be able to borrow funds. Therefore, another manifestation of an entity’s potential financial stability is its creditworthiness, i.e., the ability to settle its payment obligations when due. Thus, an entity is considered creditworthy if it meets a certain requirement for granting a loan and is able to repay the loan when due subject to any interest accrued. This concept is closely related to the concept of financial stability and shows whether the company is able to raise funds from different sources to repay its debts. Credit analysis may predict solvency and is closely related to the analysis of solvency, financial stability and return on equity. Entity’s stable operation, high profitability and working capital turnover also guarantee loan repayment to a certain degree.
Artificial Intelligence in Analyzing the Capital Structure Effect on Financial Stability
Financial stability is an important measure used by stakeholders to assess the financial situation of an entity concerned. Economic worries caused by internal business issues, global processes, and international economic (regional) integration may increase the entity’s exposure to external factors. Financial stability considers the entity’s dependence on creditors and investors, i.e. the debt-to-equity ratio. Significant liabilities that are not fully covered by the entity’s own liquid funds create preconditions for bankruptcy should any large creditor demand settlement of any debts owed to it. However, borrowed funds can significantly increase the return on equity. Therefore, in analyzing financial stability, it is very important to use a system of indicators that indicate the entity’s future risks and profita-bility. Financial stability is the principal objective of financial analysis. The nature and scope of such economic analysis are aimed to determine the entity’s internal capacities, means, and methods for improving the entity’s financial stability. Thus, financial stability is understood as the entity’s guaranteed solvency and creditworthiness resulting from the effective formation, distribution, and application of financial resources in the entity’s business operations. Financial stability is assessed based on the working capital to inventory ratio and debt to equity ratio. Business entities are independent in establishing business relationships with their contract partners; therefore, they are fully responsible for the decisions they make. The increasing importance of financial analysis for the entity’s own financial situation and for its business partners is explained by the increasing demand for additional sources of business financing and the requirement to increase the productiveness of capital resources. Entity’s financial stability analysis should not focus on the current financial activities only. It should also determine what measures should be taken on a continuous basis to maintain and improve the entity’s financial situation. Both current and future stability, i.e. the entity’s sustainability, must be ensured to provide conditions for state-of-the-art competitive production. An entity is a complex system consisting of many subsystems; therefore, a complex method must be applied to analyze its stability, i.e. using a system of financial stability indicators. Present-day diversity of financial stability indicators, including both absolute and relative indicators, makes the analysis difficult and overcomplicated, creating difficulties in combining the findings of the analysis to make conclusions about the entity’s financial stability. Absolute indicators, namely equity, borrowed capital, assets, cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable, profit, play an important role in the analysis of an entity’s financial stability. Equally important are absolute indicators calculated in the analysis of financial statements: net assets, working capital, working capital to inventory ratio, stable liabilities. These indicators are criterial as they are used to establish the criteria used in the financial analysis. An entity should have a flexible structure of financial resources and, if necessary, be able to borrow funds. Therefore, another manifestation of an entity’s potential financial stability is its creditworthiness, i.e., the ability to settle its payment obligations when due. Thus, an entity is considered creditworthy if it meets a certain requirement for granting a loan and is able to repay the loan when due subject to any interest accrued. This concept is closely related to the concept of financial stability and shows whether the company is able to raise funds from different sources to repay its debts. Credit analysis may predict solvency and is closely related to the analysis of solvency, financial stability and return on equity. Entity’s stable operation, high profitability and working capital turnover also guarantee loan repayment to a certain degree.
The world is undergoing significant changes in corporate social responsibility of business, caused by a number of factors and “challenges” of time, which raises the question of the fundamental transformation of CSR management principles and tools. The most significant in terms of influence on CSR and the opportunities that open up is the digitalization of public life: the development of the digital economy and its new tools (principles of a “distributed registry” or blockchain, online platforms, digital communications). At the same time, Russia has its own peculiarities, in particular, public-private partnership mechanisms are becoming one of the factors of changes and promising directions for the development of CSR. PPP models are becoming a tool for enterprises and large companies to realize their corporate responsibility in terms of maintaining, reconstructing and constructing social facilities (long-term social investments), while reducing costs for non-core activities by sharing them with the state. Modern society is highly committed to humanitarian principles, to promote which close cooperation between community and business is required. Such close relationship between society and business is translated into the concept of corporate social responsibility. Lately, the concept of social responsibility of business has become increasingly popular though it has not been clearly defined yet. The relevance of the topic is due to both increased attention to the issues of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and those requirements that are put forward in this area in connection with the spread of new technologies. The origin of interest in the topic is usually associated with the publication of H. Bowen's monograph. In the future, it is developed in the writings of A. B. Carroll and A. K. Bachholtz, J. Moon, D. Vogel and others. The ambiguity of the concept of corporate social responsibility causes numerous disputes both regarding the interpretation of the term and the most important business tasks in this domain. In the article, the author considers how the modern institutional environment, which is emerging in the new economy, affects the implementation of these tasks. Methodologically, we use the approaches of institutional economic theory and evolutionary economics. The new economy, in which innovative changes lead to a fundamental modification of the behavior of economic entities, puts forward new requirements for the activities of individuals and firms. The number of workers in the information sphere is growing, the requirements for the level of education of workers are increasing, and the information opportunities of top management are increasing. Under such conditions, many CSR tasks can be implemented by the company more efficiently and in fundamentally new forms: the internal control system is improved, the degree of transparency of activities is increased, the Internet helps to develop common standards, and information tasks are successfully solved. The rapid introduction of new technologies into the economic life has a tremendous impact on the company's activities in such a significant area as CSR. And although this influence is difficult to evaluate unambiguously and quantitatively, it is safe to say that it will be strengthened in the future.
International Accounting Practice Accounting is multifaceted and heterogeneous. First distinguish between international standards and national standards. National accounting standards for each country is being developed independently. The leading countries in the field of national accounting standards are the United Kingdom and the United States, which is determined by the role of these countries in international financial markets. In different countries, national accounting standards are called differently; in addition, various bodies are involved in their development: in some these are state bodies, in other countries professional organizations. International accounting standards are implemented and developed at 2 levels: international, global and regional. In the regional aspect, the main role belongs to the EU Accounting Commission, which regulates these matters in the EU countries. World standards are developed by several organizations: International Federation of Accountants, Committee on International Accounting Standards, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on International Standards Reporting and Accounting Center for Transnational United Nations Corporation, Economic development and cooperation. There is a great variety of accounting systems around the world. The differences between them are explained mainly by the different business environments in which they operate. Among many classifications, which are based on various principles, two main classifications can be distinguished. The first one is based on the “geographical” principle, i.e.: the UK-US system, the Continental system, the Latin American system. In the second classification, systems are clustered based on their typical properties and hierarchy. The upper level defines the objectives that the accounting system focuses on. Next, systems are rated based on whether the state insists on applying the theoretical approach or the actual legislative requirements and business needs. It might be difficult to classify a system as belonging to a specific group if the country’s accounting system is unstable. Thus, in the 60s of the 20th century, New Zealand started to separate from the UK, although many provisions of its accounting system were taken directly from the standards developed by the English Institute of Financial Accountants. In view of the existing challenges and various approaches to the classification of national accounting systems, the importance of such classification can hardly be overestimated. The proximity of national accounting systems in countries that belong to the same model suggests the possibility of harmonization of accounting principles at the international level. Based on the above: - the possibility of grouping national accounting systems into clusters makes it possible to level out the differences between them during standardization; - the convergence of economies of different countries due to the globalization of the world economy contributes to the unification of accounting principles at the global level.
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