The economic marginality of ethnic minorities: an analysis of ethnic income inequality in Singapore

Lee, William Keng Mun

doi:10.1080/1463136032000168880

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Obesity rates are the highest among the Malays, who earn the least; followed by the Indians, who earn more than the Malays; and lowest among the Chinese, who earn the most. 38 , 39…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gradual Shift of Overweight, Obesity, and Abdominal Obesity Towards the Poor in a Multi-ethnic Developing Country: Findings From the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Surveys

Mariapun

Hairi

2018

Journal of Epidemiology

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BackgroundEconomic development is known to shift the distribution of obesity from the socioeconomically more advantaged to the less advantaged. We assessed the socioeconomic trends in overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity across a period of significant economic growth.MethodsWe used the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey data sets for the years 1996, 2006, and 2011 to analyze the trends among adults aged 30 years and above. The World Health Organization’s Asian body mass index cut-off points of ≥23.0 kg/m2 and ≥27.5 kg/m2 were used to define overweight and obesity, respectively. Abdominal obesity was defined as having a waist circumference of ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women. Household per-capita income was used as a measure of socioeconomic position. As a summary measure of inequality, we computed the concentration index.ResultsWomen in Peninsular Malaysia demonstrated patterns that were similar to that of developed countries in which the distributions for overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity became concentrated among the poor. For women in East Malaysia, distributions became neither concentrated among the rich nor poor, while distributions for men were still concentrated among the rich. Chinese women, particularly from the richest quintile, had the lowest rates and lowest increase in overweight and obesity. All distributions of Chinese women were concentrated among the poor. The distributions of Malay men were still concentrated among the rich, while distributions for Chinese and Indian men and Malay and Indian women were neither concentrated among the rich nor poor.ConclusionAs the country continues to progress, increasing risks of overweight and obesity among the socioeconomically less advantaged is expected.

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“…Obesity rates are the highest among the Malays, who earn the least; followed by the Indians, who earn more than the Malays; and lowest among the Chinese, who earn the most. 38 , 39…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gradual Shift of Overweight, Obesity, and Abdominal Obesity Towards the Poor in a Multi-ethnic Developing Country: Findings From the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Surveys

Mariapun

Hairi

2018

Journal of Epidemiology

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“…regardless of race, socioeconomic status); this assumption is not supported by the literature (Barr & Low, 2005; Koh, 2014; Moore, 2000; Tan, 2008). Instead, these disparities seem to suggest the presence of racism against Malays in Singapore (Lee, 2004).…”

Section: Racism Research In Singaporementioning

confidence: 99%

Racism and the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore: effects of race on hiring decisions

Chew

Young

Tan

2019

Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology

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The aim of the study was to examine racism and the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore. Specifically, the study examined the effects of race on hiring decisions in a simulated hiring decision task. Participants were 171 (61% males) Singaporean Chinese undergraduates from a private university in Singapore. They were randomly assigned into one of nine groups and asked to review a resume of a job applicant. The study used a 3 (Academic qualifications: strong, moderate, or weak) × 3 (Race: White, Chinese, or Malay) between-subjects design with perceived warmth, competence, applicant suitability and recommended salary as the dependent variables. The results showed that while Chinese participants discriminated against Malay applicants (racism), they discriminated in favor of White applicants (the Pinkerton syndrome). The results provided a potential explanation to the economic disparities between Malays and the other races, and first experimental evidence for racism and the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore.https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.

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“…In Singapore, the socioeconomic disparity between Chinese and Malays is a well-known fi nding (Lee, 2004;Lee, 2006). As for whether this earning disparity can be mitigated by Malays' access to Chinese networks is a hypothesis that remains to be tested.…”

Section: Diff Erential Rates Of Inter-ethnic Contact By Ethnic Groupmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One possible reason is the labour market disadvantages experienced by Malays in Singapore (Lee, 2004). Given the emphasis on Chinese culture in Singapore society (Barr and Low, 2005), the cultivation of Special Assistance Plan schools for elite Chinese school students (Moore, 2000), and the stereotypes attached to Malay students (Rahim, 1998), Malays do not have equal access to quality education and labour market opportunities relative to Chinese, and these disparities have widened over the years (Lee, 2006).…”

Section: Malays and The Kinship Eff Ectmentioning

confidence: 98%

Kinship, Ethnic Segregation and Multiculturalism in Singapore: A Relational Study

Chua

2009

Asian J Soc Sci

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The question of inter-ethnic integration and segregation in multicultural societies has been characterised by remarkable tensions at the level of public and scholarly debate between optimists who see 'good' inter-ethnic relations and pessimists who see 'bad' ones. In reality, the ethnic situation in multicultural societies is often more nuanced than these labels suggest. Using personal network analysis applied to a segment of Singapore society, I show that estimates of interethnic contact are highly-contingent upon a range of methodological and social factors. Substantively, I discuss how inter-ethnic interactions may often be hampered by in-group pressures arising from kinship relations. In practice, where 'keeping family' often means 'keeping ethnicity', kinship pre-eminence in everyday life tends to suppress inter-ethnic friendship in intimate regions of personal networks. By contrast, inter-ethnic integration is more readily seen in outer regions of personal networks, suggesting that 'multiculturalism' is, in practice, a form of society based on weak ties rather than strong bonds.

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The economic marginality of ethnic minorities: an analysis of ethnic income inequality in Singapore

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

The Gradual Shift of Overweight, Obesity, and Abdominal Obesity Towards the Poor in a Multi-ethnic Developing Country: Findings From the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Surveys

The Gradual Shift of Overweight, Obesity, and Abdominal Obesity Towards the Poor in a Multi-ethnic Developing Country: Findings From the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Surveys

Racism and the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore: effects of race on hiring decisions

Kinship, Ethnic Segregation and Multiculturalism in Singapore: A Relational Study

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