The Economic impacts of the tobacco settlement

Cutler, David M.; Gruber, Jonathan; Hartman, Raymond S.; Landrum, Mary Beth; Newhouse, Joseph P.; Rosenthal, Meredith B.

doi:10.1002/pam.1037

Cited by 47 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…22 We also evaluated a variety of other approaches to valuing informal caregiver time in a sensitivity analysis, including applying 1) age-and gender-specific median wages in 2006 (age categories: <24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-64 years, and 65 years), 21 2) the median wage for a home health aid ($9.70 in 2006), 21 3) age-and educational attainment level-specific median wages in 2006, 21 and 4) a previously published value of 1 year of life based on a willingness-to-pay approach of $150,000 23 and converted to an hourly rate ($17.12). This value of a year of life is consistent with other approaches and has been used elsewhere to value patient time.…”

Section: Time Cost Estimates For Informal Caregiving In 2 Years Aftermentioning

confidence: 99%

Time costs associated with informal caregiving for cancer survivors

Yabroff¹,

Kim²

2009

Cancer

262

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND:To the authors' knowledge, little work has been done to estimate the time costs associated with informal caregiving for cancer survivors.METHODS:Data from a national survey of caregivers of cancer patients in 2003 to 2006 were used to estimate the time associated with informal caregiving in the 2 years after patient diagnosis with bladder, breast, colorectal, kidney, lung, melanoma of the skin, ovarian, prostate, or uterine cancer, or non‐Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). Caregivers reported the duration and daily intensity of caregiving as well as the types and frequency of support provided. The median wage rate in 2006 ($16.28) was used to value caregiver time, and other methods to value time were evaluated with sensitivity analyses.RESULTS:On average, caregivers provided care for 8.3 hours per day for 13.7 months. The number of months and daily hours spent caregiving were the highest for cancer survivors diagnosed with distant disease compared with survivors with regional or localized disease (P < .05). Approximately half of caregivers provided emotional, instrumental, tangible, or medical support, although the frequency varied dramatically. Informal caregiver time costs over the 2‐year period after diagnosis were the highest for caregivers of patients diagnosed with lung ($72,702; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], $56,814‐$88,590) and ovarian ($66,210; 95% CI, $40,750‐$91,670) cancers and NHL ($59,613; 95% CI, $43,423‐$75,803) and the lowest for caregivers of patients with breast cancer ($38,334; 95% CI, $31,442‐$45,226).CONCLUSIONS:Time spent by informal caregivers was substantial and was an important component of the burden of cancer care. Incorporation of the value of informal caregiver time will be important when evaluating the costs and benefits of cancer control interventions. Cancer 2009;115(18 suppl):4362–73. © 2009 American Cancer Society.

show abstract

Section: Time Cost Estimates For Informal Caregiving In 2 Years Aftermentioning

confidence: 99%

Time costs associated with informal caregiving for cancer survivors

Yabroff¹,

Kim²

2009

Cancer

262

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2 smokers on average live 6.5 (males) to 5.7 (females) fewer years, relative to never smokers (Cutler et al, 1999). Thus, it is critical to understand the role that public policy can play in deterring youth smoking.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Youth Smoking in the U.S.: Evidence and Implications

Gruber

Zinman

2000

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The one-third rise in the teen smoking rate in the 1 990s has led to considerable interest in understanding the determinants of the youth smoking decision. We explore four aspects of this decision. First, we consider the demographic correlates of smoking participation, and find that smoking participation is not simply concentrated among the most disadvantaged youth; indeed, increasingly over time youth smoking is taking place among white, suburban youth with college educated parents and good grades. Second, we show that neither changes in demographic characteristics nor changes in attitudes towards smoking can explain the striking increase in smoking rates in the 1 990s. Third, we document that price is a powerful determinant of smoking for high school seniors; using state fixed effects models on data for the 1991-1997 period we estimate an elasticity of smoking participation of -0.67, which suggest that the drop in cigarette prices in the early 1 990s can explain 26% of the subsequent upwards smoking trend for seniors. But price is not important for younger teens, although we do find some evidence that restrictions on access to cigarette purchases can lower the quantity that younger teens smoke. Finally, we document that there is an important intertemporal correlation in the decision to smoke. In particular, we find that there is a significant correlation across cohorts in teen smoking and later smoking of adults, and that the taxes that teens face on cigarettes have a significant negative effect on their smoking later in life. These findings suggest that between 25 and 50% of the rise in youth smoking in the 1990s will persist into adulthood for this cohort; rough calculations suggest that the long run cost to the U.S. will be at least 1.6 million years of life lost from this youth smoking increase. Jonathan Gruber Jonathan Zinman Department of EconomicsDepartment of Economics MIT, MIT 50 Memorial Drive 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142Cambridge, MA 02142 and NBER gruberj@mit.edu One of the most striking trends in the behavior of youth in the U.S. during the 1990s has been the increased incidence of smoking. After steadily declining over the previous 15 years, youth smoking began to rise precipitously in 1992. By 1997, smoking by teenagers in the U.S.had risen by one-third from its 1991 trough. This trend is particularly striking in light of the continuing steady decline in adult smoking in the U.S. Indeed, today we are in the alarming position of having a youth smoking rate that is roughly fifty percent greater than the smoking rate of adults.This striking time trend has motivated substantial public policy interest in youth smoking, highlighted by the recent unsuccessful attempt of the Clinton Administration to pass a comprehensive tobacco regulation bill that had the ostensible main purpose of reducing youth smoking. This public policy interest arises out of concern that youth are not appropriately recognizing the long run implications of their smoking decisions. Indeed, young smokers clearly und...

show abstract

“…See Cutler et al (2002) for a detailed analysis of the agreement. 7 The payments are also adjusted for inflation and loss of market share to non-participating manufacturers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A simple explanation for this surprisingly large price increase would be that wholesalers and retailers impose additional (percentage) markups. However, the existing literature on the price sensitivity to cigarette taxes concludes that wholesalers and retailers set markups at a fixed dollar amount above costs, rather than as a percentage (e.g., Sumner 1981;Cutler et al 2002). Another explanation is that the process of negotiating the MSA provided an opportunity for the cigarette firms to agree to collectively raise prices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Policy and Market Competition: How the Master Settlement Agreement Changed the Cigarette Industry

Ciliberto

Kuminoff²

2010

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis &Amp; Policy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper investigates the large and unexpected increase in cigarette prices that followed the 1997 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). We integrate key features of rational addiction theory into a discrete-choice model of the demand for a differentiated product. We find that following the MSA firms set prices on a more elastic region of their demand curves. Using these estimates, we predict prices that would be charged under a variety of industry structures and pricing rules. Under the assumptions of firms' perfect foresight and constant marginal costs, we fail to reject the hypothesis that firms collude on a dynamic pricing strategy.

show abstract

The Economic impacts of the tobacco settlement

Cited by 47 publications

References 34 publications

Time costs associated with informal caregiving for cancer survivors

Time costs associated with informal caregiving for cancer survivors

Youth Smoking in the U.S.: Evidence and Implications

Public Policy and Market Competition: How the Master Settlement Agreement Changed the Cigarette Industry

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About