“…2), which provides a transport link to a population of more than 30,000 people and is used on average by 4000 vehicles each day (Jacobs, 2013). These road closures have been associated with considerable economic impacts in the area because of the large vulnerability shadow (area over which impacts are experienced) that is cast when the route is not passable (Winter et al, 2018). For example, the losses associated with a debris flow event in 2007 were estimated to be in the region of £80k per day, totalling £1.2 million over the 15 day closure (Postance et al, 2017).…”