The economic geography of North Korean drug trafficking networks

Hastings, Justin V.

doi:10.1080/09692290.2014.880934

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A departure from current food system dynamics towards more sustainable urban food systems requires radical transformation (Bennett et al 2016;Pereira et al 2019a;Willett et al 2019). Such a process of transformation would entail deep systemic changes to existing ecological, social, economic or political conditions (Olsson and Galaz 2012;Folke et al 2014;Ely and Marin 2016). A recent analysis of transformations perspectives highlights that there is a need to combine structural, systemic and enabling approaches to sustainability transformations for more effective impact (Scoones et al 2020).…”

Section: Sustainability Transformations and T-labsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning for change: Transformation labs for an alternative food system in Cape Town, South Africa

et al. 2020

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There has been a call for more participatory processes to feed into urban planning for more resilient food systems. This paper describes a process of knowledge co-production for transforming towards an alternative food system in Cape Town, South Africa. A ‘transformative space’ was created though a T-Lab process involving change-agents advocating for an alternative food system, and was designed to discuss challenges in the local food system from a range of perspectives, in order to co-develop potentially transformative innovations that could feed into government planning. In this paper, we describe and reflect on the T-lab in order to consider whether its design was able to meet its objective: to initiate an experimental phase of coalition-building by diverse actors that could feed into the provincial government’s strategic focus on food and nutrition security. Our findings indicate that T-labs have the potential to be important mechanisms for initiating and sustaining transformative change. They can be complementary to urban planning processes seeking to transform complex social-ecological systems onto more sustainable development pathways. However, as with all experimental co-production processes, there is significant learning and refinement that is necessary to ensure the process can reach its full potential. A key challenge we encountered was how to foster diversity and difference in opinions in the context of significant historical legacies of inequality, whilst simultaneously acting for ‘the common good’ and seeking ways to scale impact across different contexts. The paper concludes with deliberations on the nature of planning and navigating towards systemic transformative change.

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Section: Sustainability Transformations and T-labsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning for change: Transformation labs for an alternative food system in Cape Town, South Africa

et al. 2020

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“…Second, scholars have examined the connections and disconnections between objects and human actors (Hall, 2010; Penna and Kirby, 2013; Hastings, 2015; Trifuoggi, 2015). For example, Hastings (2015) tracks North Korean drug trafficking networks to show how illicit drugs travel across the globe. However, as Hall (2010) argues few studies have examined the significance of non‐human objects (guns, drugs, computers, ships, etc.)…”

Section: Spatialising Organised Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, network analysis has illuminated the way notions of and responses to licit and illicit behaviour shift across space. Hastings's (2015) analysis shows that sanctions involved with organised crime differ across space as they depend upon the jurisdiction. While North Korea plays a vital role in supporting the transnational drug trade, the United Nations, Japan, South Korea and some western nations have different sanctions and levels of enforcement; in addition, the classification of ‘illegality’ shifts significantly between these jurisdictions.…”

Section: Spatialising Organised Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In her analysis of Indonesia as a ‘rhizome state’, Baker (2015) argues that ‘illegality and legality or formal and informal modalities of power are intertwined and become mutually reinforcing’. In turn, Hastings's (2015: 188) concludes that ‘it may not be particularly useful to speak of any significant conceptual separation between licit and illicit’. This supports long‐running attempts to define organised crime as involving both licit and illicit activities and actors, with Cressey writing almost half a century ago:

the ‘underworld’ concept inaccurately suggests that the world's actors can readily be distinguished as either good guys (‘upper’) or bad guys (‘under’).…”

Section: Spatialising Organised Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

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Lost in Space? The spatial and scalar dimensions of organised crime in the Pacific

Walton

Dinnen²

2020

Asia Pacific Viewpoint

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Two theoretical frameworks frame the spatial dimensions of organised crime. The first, which has shaped international responses to the problem, stresses the scalar and territorial nature of the problem; the second (and recently emerging) has drawn on network theories to suggest that organised crime is ascalar and operates through fluid relationships between people, places and things. We suggest that these viewpoints tend to bifurcate scalar and flat ontologies and argue that understanding and responding to organised crime requires engaging with theories of scale and networks simultaneously. We bring this theoretical insight to bear on a case study: we examine the way state power has shaped organised crime and responses to it across the Pacific. The case study highlights that responses to organised crime are by and large driven by scalar and state‐based responses, which have been shaped by political power. In contrast, organised crime constitutes networked relations that are significantly shaped by administrative and political scales. The paper argues that the disjuncture between the nature of responses to organised crime helps perpetuate the problem. It also highlights the advantages of greater dialogue between scalar and networked theories of organised crime.

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“…• Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK-North Korea) state-sponsored crime has in the past focused on counterfeit currency; however, small arms trafficking and illicit drug manufacture are also known to occur (Hastings, 2015). Counterfeit and fake goods may also be produced in North Korea and transported abroad via China 6 .…”

Section: Organized Crime Groups and Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criminal Innovation and Illicit Global Markets: Transnational Crime in Asia

Broadhurst

2017

SSRN Journal

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The size and reach of the market in illicit products and services reflect patterns of globalization, economic growth, and armed conflict as well as government and civil society responses to the impacts of these markets. In Asia, these illicit markets have grown rapidly with the opening up of trade and development of China, India and ASEAN boosted by infrastructure development and increased wealth. Traditional crime groups have revitalized and new entrepreneurial crime groups have emerged to capitalise on the illicit market opportunities contributing to a surge in the distribution and the use of narcotics as well as other contraband (i.e. counterfeit products and medicines, timber, exotic species, e-waste, weapons, labour trafficking) in Asia and worldwide. These developments have triggered extreme responses, such as Philippines' President Duterte's bloody 'war on drugs'. Illicit drugs account for more than a third of the estimated annual $US100 billion criminal economy in Asia (UNODC, 2013). Countermeasures at the regional (ASEAN, UNODC, INTERPOL) and national level have focused law enforcement on drug supply and distribution while alternative 'harm reduction' approaches, including treatment and de-criminalisation, have not developed apace. Policies such as 'drug free zones' and the 'war on drugs' have unintended consequences, undermining the rule of law and enhancing the profits of criminal organisations. Chronic court delays and severe prison overcrowding are also costly by-products. This paper outlines the illicit markets-criminal organisations nexus in Asia and considers how responses to transnational crime can amplify or diminish its hidden power.

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The economic geography of North Korean drug trafficking networks

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Planning for change: Transformation labs for an alternative food system in Cape Town, South Africa

Planning for change: Transformation labs for an alternative food system in Cape Town, South Africa

Lost in Space? The spatial and scalar dimensions of organised crime in the Pacific

Criminal Innovation and Illicit Global Markets: Transnational Crime in Asia

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