The economic evaluation of Cystic echinococcosis control strategies focused on zoonotic hosts: A scoping review

Abstract

Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic neglected tropical disease (zNTD) which imposes considerable financial burden to endemic countries. The 2021–2030 World Health Organization’s roadmap on NTDs has proposed that intensified control be achieved in hyperendemic areas of 17 countries by 2030. Successful interventions for disease control, and the scale-up of programmes applying such interventions, rely on understanding the associated costs and relative return for investment. We conducted a scoping review of existing peer-reviewed literature on economic evaluations of CE control strategies focused on Echinococcus granulosus zoonotic hosts. Methodology/Principal findings Database searches of Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, CABI Direct and JSTOR were conducted and comprehensively reviewed in March 2022, using predefined search criteria with no date, field or language restrictions. A total of 100 papers were initially identified and assessed for eligibility against strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Bibliography review of included manuscripts was used to identify additional literature. Full review of the final manuscript selection (n = 9) was performed and cost data for control interventions were extracted. Conclusions/Significance There are very little published data pertaining to the cost and cost effectiveness of CE control interventions targeting its zoonotic hosts. Data given for costs are often incomplete, thus we were unable to perform an economic analysis and cost effectiveness study, highlighting a pressing need for this information. There is much scope for future work in this area. More detailed information and disaggregated costings need to be collected and made available. This would increase the accuracy of any cost-effective analyses to be performed and allow for a greater understanding of the opportunity cost of healthcare decisions and resource allocation by stakeholders and policy makers for effective and cost-effective CE control.

Cystic Echinococcosis in the Early 2020s: A Review

“…The primary goals encompassed the synthesis of novel racemic and enantiomeric pure medicines derived from albendazole (ABZ), as well as the evaluation of their efficacy against E. granulosus through in vivo experimentation [ 60 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. Salts of compounds with a benzimidazole structure were patented [ 64 ] and included in a trial with a murine model [ 79 ] and two clinical trials [ 22 , 60 ]. The novel salt formulations of ABZ, ricobendazole (RBZ), and the enantiomer RBZ showed promising results and call for future research.…”

“…In light of this endeavor, the WHO aims to reach global disease control by 2030. Specialists worldwide have taken notice of the hyperendemic areas, and an increasing number of countries have joined the WHO efforts to control it [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

“…Population ageing is one of the most significant trends of the 21st century, and the number of people aged 60 years and over is projected to rise from 1 billion in 2020 to 1.4 billion in 2030 [ 36 ]. Meanwhile, cystic echinococcosis has a long course of disease and a low rate of early diagnosis, meaning most cases are diagnosed at an advanced age [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Alternative Approaches for the Treatment of Chagas Disease

“…As per the World Health Organization (WHO) reports there are more than 20 Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) which contains several contagious illnesses of tropical and subtropical regions including Buruli ulcer, [1] chagas disease, [2] dengue, chikungunya, [3] dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease), [4] echinococcosis, [5] foodborne trematodes, [6] human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), [7] leishmaniasis, [8] leprosy (Hansen's disease), [9] lymphatic filariasis etc. To combat NTDs, the WHO) has implemented five main management approaches: enhanced water and sanitation, vector control, increased disease management, preventative chemotherapy, and neglected zoonotic illnesses.…”