The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in the United States

Abstract

Aim:The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States (US) was estimated at $155.7 billion in 2013. Since 2013, the US experienced significant health care reforms and treatment advances. This study analyzed recent data and literature to update the US economic burden estimate for schizophrenia. Methods: Direct and indirect costs associated with schizophrenia were estimated using a prevalencebased approach. Direct health care costs were assessed retrospectively using an exact matched cohort design in the IBM Watson Health MarketScan databases from October 1, 2015, through December 31, 2019. Patients with schizophrenia (identified using ICD-10-CM codes F20 and F25) were exactly matched to controls on demographics, insurance type, and index year. Direct non-health care costs were estimated using published literature and government data. Indirect costs were estimated using a human capital approach and the value of quality-adjusted life-years lost. Cost offsets were estimated to account for basic living costs avoided. Excess costs, comparing costs for individuals with and without schizophrenia, were reported in 2019 USD.

Dementia among older people with schizophrenia: an update on recent studies

“…Schizophrenia has one of the highest disability and economic tolls among medical and psychiatric illnesses worldwide [1]. Within the United States alone, 2016 costs associated with schizophrenia exceeded $343 billion, roughly corresponding to over $87,000 in annual costs per individual patient [2]. Despite the high costs of psychiatric medications and inpatient hospitalizations, more than three quarters of these costs are attributed to disability and poor functioning, including caregiving expenses and unemployment.…”

Machine learning methods to predict outcomes of pharmacological treatment in psychosis

“…In conclusion, future research in this field should create prediction models presenting adequate predictive ability applied at different stages of SCZ illness. Indeed, SCZ and psychotic disorders are among the principal causes of global disability and are also associated with significant economic costs for patients, caregivers, and society overall [54,68]. A recent study highlights that the total estimated burden of SCZ doubled in the last years [68] and its cost is estimated to be greater than the annual costs of all cancers combined [69].…”

“…Indeed, SCZ and psychotic disorders are among the principal causes of global disability and are also associated with significant economic costs for patients, caregivers, and society overall [54,68]. A recent study highlights that the total estimated burden of SCZ doubled in the last years [68] and its cost is estimated to be greater than the annual costs of all cancers combined [69]. Antipsychotic drugs are central to treatment, but clinicians are currently unable to predict response using standard clinical interviews [46], which contributes to relatively low response rates, longer and more frequent hospital stays, and an increase in overall disease burden.…”

The Israeli law for the rehabilitation in the community of persons with psychiatric disabilities: Achievements and challenges.

“…Studies have referred to the significant financial cost of mental illnesses (Global Mental Health Action Network, 2021;Kadakia et al, 2022;Kessler et al, 2008;Rosenthal, 2022;The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, 2003;Whiteford et al, 2013), that is far higher than the government budget set aside for mental health services (Mechanic et al, 2014). Although the inherent financial and social benefits of adopting an appropriate approach to dealing with mental illnesses have been highlighted and recommended (Zweifel, 2018(Zweifel, , 2020, unfortunately, studies on this topic have not been conducted in Israel so far and the matter should be researched in depth.…”