The Economic Burden of Major Adult Visual Disorders in the United States

Rein, David B.; Zhang, Ping; Wirth, Kathleen E.; Lee, Paul P.; Hoerger, Thomas J.; McCall, Nancy; Klein, Ronald; Tielsch, James M.; Vijan, Sandeep; Saaddine, Jinan B.

doi:10.1001/archopht.124.12.1754

Cited by 534 publications

(354 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…6 We have to bear in mind that the direct costs of refractive error used for calculation in those studies do not go beyond basic eyeglasses. The only other cost data for eye diseases in Singapore is a direct cost study on acute angle-closure glaucoma, showing that it would cost Singaporeans up to US$300 000 over 5 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct costs of myopia in Singapore

Lim

Gazzard

Sim

et al. 2008

Eye

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Aims To estimate the direct costs of myopia in Singapore children. Methods A cross-sectional study of 377 Singaporean school children aged 12-17 years from one school in Singapore Cohort study of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) was conducted. A combination of parent and selfadministered questionnaires asked about the cost of each optometrist visit, spectacles, and contact lenses, transport costs, father's educational level, and total family income. Results A total of 377 subjects participated and cost data were available from 301 subjects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 The cost of productivity losses for visual disorders in the United States is approximately US$8 billion, half the direct costs. 6 Hence, the significant indirect costs of myopia exist which further studies are needed to clarify.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct costs of myopia in Singapore

Lim

Gazzard

Sim

et al. 2008

Eye

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“…In recent years, several studies have estimated the medical and overall economic costs of vision loss and eye disorders, but in the United States, these studies have been restricted to adults 40 years of age or older. [1][2][3][4][5] Rein et al 3 6 To our knowledge, the economic burden among the United States population younger than 40 years has not been estimated previously.…”

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confidence: 93%

The Economic Burden of Vision Loss and Eye Disorders among the United States Population Younger than 40 Years

et al. 2013

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Objective-To estimate the economic burden of vision loss and eye disorders in the United States population younger than 40 years in 2012.Design-Econometric and statistical analysis of survey, commercial claims, and census data. Participants-The United States population younger than 40 years in 2012.Methods-We categorized costs based on consensus guidelines. We estimated medical costs attributable to diagnosed eye-related disorders, undiagnosed vision loss, and medical vision aids using Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and MarketScan data. The prevalence of vision impairment and blindness were estimated using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. We estimated costs from lost productivity using Survey of Income and Program Participation. We estimated costs of informal care, low vision aids, special education, school screening, government spending, and transfer payments based on published estimates and federal budgets. We estimated quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost based on published utility values. Main Outcome Measures-Costs and QALYs lost in 2012.Results-The economic burden of vision loss and eye disorders among the United States population younger than 40 years was $27.5 billion in 2012 (95% confidence interval, $21.5-$37.2 billion), including $5.9 billion for children and $21.6 billion for adults 18 to 39 years of age. Direct costs were $14.5 billion, including $7.3 billion in medical costs for diagnosed disorders, Correspondence: John S. Wittenborn, BS, National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, 1981 Grace Point Road, Morrisville, NC 27560. wittenborn-john@norc.org; JohnSWittenborn@gmail.com. * A complete listing of the Vision Cost-effectiveness Study Group is available at http://aaojournal.org. * Group members listed online in Appendix 1 (available at http://aaojournal.org). Financial Disclosure(s):The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript $4.9 billion in refraction correction, $0.5 billion in medical costs for undiagnosed vision loss, and $1.8 billion in other direct costs. Indirect costs were $13 billion, primarily because of $12.2 billion in productivity losses. In addition, vision loss cost society 215 000 QALYs.Conclusions-We found a substantial burden resulting from vision loss and eye disorders in the United States population younger than 40 years, a population excluded from previous studies.Monetizing quality-of-life losses at $50 000 per QALY would add $10.8 billion in additional costs, indicating a total economic burden of $38.2 billion. Relative to previously reported estimates for the population 40 years of age and older, more than one third of the total cost of vision loss and eye disorders may be incurred by persons younger than 40 years.Disorders of the eye and resulting vision loss impose a significant burden on the United States, both economically and socially. In addition to medical costs, the debili...

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“…All of these difficulties contribute to an extensive economic burden to the society. [4][5][6] Therefore, early identification and modification of the risk factors for cataracts are meaningful from a public health perspective. A growing body of research has been conducted to investigate risk factors associated with the development and progression of age-related cataracts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and cataracts in Koreans: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011

Nam

Han

et al. 2015

Eye

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Purpose Cataracts are the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness, and therefore early identification and modification of the risk factors for cataracts are meaningful. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle factors, and age-related cataracts in South Korea. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on data collected in the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 15 866 subjects, aged ≥ 40 years, were included. SES was defined using household income and education level. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and other associated factors were assessed by health interviews and examinations. Cataracts were diagnosed via slit-lamp examination using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Results The prevalence of any cataract was 38.9% in men and 42.3% in women (Po0.001). In women, the risk of cataracts increased with decreases in household income (P-value for trend = 0.016 and 0.041 in any, and cortical cataract, respectively) and education level (P-value for trend = 0.009, 0.027, and 0.016 in any, nuclear, and cortical cataract, respectively) after adjusting for confounding factors. Current smoking was correlated with nuclear cataracts in men (OR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.46 in age-adjusted analysis) and cataract surgery in women (OR 2.25; 95% CI: 1.00, 5.04 in multivariate-adjusted analysis). Conclusions Socioeconomic disparities in cataract prevalence were observed in women; current smoking increased the risk of nuclear cataracts in men and surgery in women.Public health interventions focusing on gender differences are warranted to prevent and treat cataracts.

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The Economic Burden of Major Adult Visual Disorders in the United States

Cited by 534 publications

References 18 publications

Direct costs of myopia in Singapore

Direct costs of myopia in Singapore

The Economic Burden of Vision Loss and Eye Disorders among the United States Population Younger than 40 Years

Relationship between socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and cataracts in Koreans: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011

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