The Ecology of Tetranychid Mites in Australian Orchards

Readshaw, J. L.

doi:10.2307/2402169

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This is consistent with T. urticae generally not reaching outbreak conditions in Australian wine grapes where broad-spectrum insecticides are not used; control in grapes and other crops is achieved by Stethorus nigripes Kapur and S. vagrans Blackburn (Coccinellidae) (Britton and Lee 1972;Readshaw 1975;Field 1979;Houston 1980;Bailey and Caon 1986). P. ulmi is not reported a pest in wine grapes in Australia.…”

Section: Assessment Of Other Taxasupporting

confidence: 77%

Eriophyoid mite damage in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) in Australia: Calepitrimerus vitis and Colomerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae) as the common cause of the widespread ‘Restricted Spring Growth’ syndrome

Bernard

Horne²,

Hoffmann

2005

Exp Appl Acarol

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Leaf and shoot distortions and retarded shoot growth in Vitis vinifera L. prevalent in Australian vineyards in early spring, were investigated in replicated field experiments over 3 yrs. Leaf distortion and retarded shoot growth were identified as damage due to feeding of extremely high populations of over-wintered deutogynes of Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) (grape rust mite). This damage was hitherto known in Australia as 'Restricted Spring Growth' (RSG), a syndrome comprising several growth abnormality symptoms, none with a clearly identified cause or a successful treatment. A successful treatment against C. vitis was used to selectively eliminate RSG, while C. vitis numbers were recorded using a validated trapping technique; intercepting deutogynes migrating from winter shelters in the wooden vine structure, to emerging green tissues. Severe leaf distortion was associated with > 400 C. vitis deutogynes per spur, while > 1000 per spur had the added effect of severely retarding shoot growth. A 43.0-47.2% shoot length reduction was recorded for Cabernet Sauvignon, 27.1-32.8% for Sauvignon Blanc, when 4-6 leaves were separated. Symptoms were most prominent up to 8-9 separated leaves, however 24.7-30.4% shoot length reduction was still evident at flowering, and 12.8% circa fruit set. C. vitis effect on vine fruitfulness, and yield parameters at fruit set, were also studied. Once successfully treated to prevent C. vitis damage, poor bud burst remained evident in some vineyards. Surveys of unburst buds from such vineyards revealed presence of Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (grape bud mite). When Col. vitis numbers in unburst buds reached 100-500 per bud, apical meristems of primary, and commonly also secondary buds were dead, preventing bud burst. The remaining living scale tissue was distinctly scarred. Bud and associated shoot damage were documented. Retarded shoot growth and leaf distortion, previously attributed to RSG, are misdiagnosed C. vitis spring feeding damage. Clustered high infestations of Col. vitis can cause bud-axis necrosis, bud burst failure, shoots with short basal internodes, and short, thin, zigzagged shoots with absent fruit clusters; all previously considered RSG.

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Section: Assessment Of Other Taxasupporting

confidence: 77%

Eriophyoid mite damage in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) in Australia: Calepitrimerus vitis and Colomerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae) as the common cause of the widespread ‘Restricted Spring Growth’ syndrome

Bernard

Horne²,

Hoffmann

2005

Exp Appl Acarol

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“…When spider mite populations are low, sticky traps can be more effective than visual counts in monitoring Stethorus populations (Felland et al, 1995;Biddinger and Hull, 1995;Takahashi et al, 2001a;Roy et al, 2005). Readshaw (1975) used white sticky card traps to monitor Stethorini populations in orchards early in the season. Felland et al (1995) found that yellow sticky card traps captured up to 15 times more S. punctum than white traps.…”

Section: Visual Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of the synthetic pyrethroids into New Zealand apple spray programs severely impacted Stethorini populations and fruit IPM now largely relies on the introduced pyrethroid resistant phytoseiid, T. pyri (Croft, 1990;Marwick, 1988). In Australian apple IPM programs several species of Stethorini were important in the 1960-1970s, but are now dependent on phytoseiid predators for biological mite control (Edwards and Hodgson, 1973;Readshaw, 1975;Walters, 1974;Walters, 1976a,b,c;Bower and Kaldor, 1980). Álvarez-Alfageme et al (2008) examined the effect of two different Cry1Ab expressing transgenic maize cultivars with lepidoptera-specific Bt toxins.…”

Section: Stethorus Punctum In Pennsylvania Orchardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coccinellidae as predators of mites: Stethorini in biological control

Weber²,

2009

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The Stethorini are unique among the Coccinellidae in specializing on mites (principally Tetranychidae) as prey. Consisting of 90 species in two genera, Stethorus and Parasthethorus, the tribe is practically cosmopolitan. The Stethorini are found in a diverse range of habitats, including many agricultural systems such as pome and stone fruits, brambles, tree nuts, citrus, avocadoes, bananas, papaya, palms, tea, cassava, maize, strawberries, vegetables, and cotton, as well as ornamental plantings, grasslands, forests, and heathlands. Tetranychid mite outbreaks became common in many agricultural systems only after World War II, when widespread use of broad-spectrum insecticides increased. Stethorini were initially appreciated only for their ability to suppress severe outbreaks of tetranychid populations. However, research on their prey searching behaviors reveals that Stethorini use visual and olfactory stimuli to locate small mite colonies in patchy distributions, and can be very effective in regulating their prey at low densities. Moreover , acariphagous coccinellids colonize mite outbreaks earlier, and consume more pest mites, than many other mite predators. Key to the use of coccinellids in conservation biological control programs is the provision of overwintering habitats and refuges from pesticides in and near cropland. When these conditions are fulfilled, Stethorini often play important roles in maintaining suppression of tetranychid populations. Examples of successful biological mite control with Stethorini include apple orchards in Pennsylvania, USA, and citrus in Asia, and the unintended disruption of a tetranychid-based biological control program for the invasive woody weed, gorse, in Australia and New Zealand. The systematics and taxonomy of this group is challenging with many cryptic species, and molecular diagnostic tools are sorely needed. How best to utilize their mite-suppressive potential in diverse settings requires better knowledge of their requirements including utilization of alternative foods, refuges for dormancy and from nonselective pesticides , and host-finding mechanisms.

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“…The evidence collected suggest that the extensive use of organic pesticides that kill the mites natural enemies is the main cause of this increase (Gunther & Jeppson, 1960 ;Huffaker et aL, 1970 ;Redshaw, 1975 ;Flaherty & Huffaker, 1970). As a consequence efforts are made to replace chemical spraying by other methods, such as the use of biological control agents, among them predatory mites, especially those belonging to th~ family Phytoseiidae.…”

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confidence: 99%

Some aspects ofPhytoseiulus persimilis [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] dispersal behaviour

Bernstein

1983

Entomophaga

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Some of the processes that control or influence the movements of females of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot when dispersing between plants are studied here. Experiments on the preference for light or shadow, carried out in a choice chamber, showed that individuals that have been starved for longer or in environments with lower relative humidities have a stronger preference for shaded places. Whilst the speed of movement is independent of the starvation level, the net speed (i.e. measuring the distance traversed in a bee-line) increases and the turning tendency decreases with the time the animals have been deprived of food. The longevity of starving females increases with the relative humidity of the environment where they were kept. These results are compared with similar data for the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch in order to discuss their possible effect on the dynamics on the predator-prey system they form.In this paper I report part of a study aimed at unravelling the role of dispersal in the dynamics of an acarine predator-prey system. In this first part I present some of the processes that control or influence the movements of the predators (Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot) (Acarina : Phytoseiidae) when dispersing between plants. Elsewhere (Bernstein, in prep.) this information is used together with information on other aspects of the dispersal and population dynamics of P. persimilis and its prey (Tetranychus urticae Koch), (Acarina : Tetranychidae)

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The Ecology of Tetranychid Mites in Australian Orchards

Cited by 40 publications

References 4 publications

Eriophyoid mite damage in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) in Australia: Calepitrimerus vitis and Colomerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae) as the common cause of the widespread ‘Restricted Spring Growth’ syndrome

Eriophyoid mite damage in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) in Australia: Calepitrimerus vitis and Colomerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae) as the common cause of the widespread ‘Restricted Spring Growth’ syndrome

Coccinellidae as predators of mites: Stethorini in biological control

Some aspects ofPhytoseiulus persimilis [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] dispersal behaviour

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