The Ecological Roles of Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates in Marine Planktonic Community1

Jeong, Hae Jin

doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04618.x

Cited by 159 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Given the frequent occurrence of HABs, processes such as algal/bacterial symbiosis (15), delivery from external sources (e.g., benthic fluxes, terrestrial run-off) (22), regeneration from microbial processes, and/or vitamin assimilation via phagotrophy must be crucial processes for maintaining vitamin replete conditions for HABs. Although dinoflagellates are well known phagotrophs (58,59), the stability and subsequent bioavailability of large, complex macromolecules such as vitamins following the digestion of algal prey is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B₁and B₁₂auxotrophs

Tang

Koch

Gobler

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

231

260

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Eutrophication can play a central role in promoting harmful algal blooms (HABs), and therefore many HAB studies to date have focused on macronutrients (N, P, Si). Although a majority of algal species require exogenous B vitamins (i.e., auxotrophic for B vitamins), the possible importance of organic micronutrients such as B vitamins (B 1 , B 7 , B 12 ) in regulating HABs has rarely been considered. Prior investigations of vitamins and algae have examined a relatively small number of dinoflagellates (n = 26) and a paucity of HAB species (n = 4). In the present study, the vitamin B 1 , B 7 , and B 12 requirements of 41 strains of 27 HAB species (19 dinoflagellates) were investigated. All but one species (two strains) of harmful algae surveyed required vitamin B 12 , 20 of 27 species required B 1 , and 10 of 27 species required B 7 , all proportions higher than the previously reported for non-HAB species. Half-saturation (K s ) constants of several HAB species for B 1 and B 12 were higher than those previously reported for other phytoplankton and similar to vitamin concentrations reported in estuaries. Cellular quotas for vitamins suggest that, in some cases, HAB demands for vitamins may exhaust standing stocks of vitamins in hours to days. The sum of these findings demonstrates the potentially significant ecological role of B-vitamins in regulating the dynamics of HABs.H armful algal blooms (HABs) are a significant threat to coastal ecosystems, public health, economies, and fisheries, and there are strong links between nutrient loading and HABs within ecosystems around the world (1-3). Most studies of HABs focused on nutrients have primarily investigated the importance of macronutrients (N, P, Si) (2, 3). In contrast, the importance of coenzymes and particularly vitamins (vitamins B 1 , B 7 , and B 12 ) in regulating and stimulating HABs has rarely been considered. This omission is despite the fact that exogenous B vitamins are essential compounds for phytoplankton species that lack the required biosynthetic pathways to produce B vitamins, i.e., vitamin B-auxotrophy (4-10).Vitamin B 12 is essential for the synthesis of amino acids, deoxyriboses, and the reduction and transfer of single carbon fragments in many biochemical pathways (11, 12), whereas vitamin B 1 (thiamine) plays a pivotal role in intermediary carbon metabolism and is a cofactor for number of enzymes involved in primary carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism (13,14). More than half of 326 algal species surveyed are auxotrophs for B 12 (10-12, 15) and more than 20% of the 306 microalgal species surveyed are auxotrophs for B 1 [compiled in Croft et al. (14)]. In addition, 5% of 306 algae surveyed require biotin (vitamin B 7 ), a cofactor of several essential carboxylase enzymes, such as acetyl CoA (14).Recently, there has been burgeoning interest in the ability of vitamins to regulate phytoplankton community growth and structure. Novel high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques for the direct measurement of vitamins B 1 and...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B₁and B₁₂auxotrophs

Tang

Koch

Gobler

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

231

260

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“…Dinoflagellates are considered to have lower growth rates than ciliates (Hansen 1992), and therefore, their ability to react rapidly to enhanced food availability is limited. On the other hand, dinoflagellates can prey on almost every organic particle present in the oceans (Jeong 1999;Tillmann 2004). Additionally, they have a higher starving potential (Hansen 1992;Menden-Deuer et al 2005), and thus can survive periods of food shortage (Sherr and Sherr 2007).…”

Section: Microzooplankton and T Longicornis Grazing Impact On The Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, dinoflagellates can feed on a wide range of prey (Jeong 1999) and are likely to be more quantitatively significant consumers of bloom-forming diatoms than copepods (Sherr and Sherr 2007). Athecate Gyrodinium spp.…”

Section: Microzooplankton and T Longicornis Grazing Impact On The Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates and copepods in structuring spring plankton communities at Helgoland Roads, North Sea

et al. 2011

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Mesocosm experiments coupled with dilution grazing experiments were carried out during the phytoplankton spring bloom 2009. The interactions between phytoplankton, microzooplankton and copepods were investigated using natural plankton communities obtained from Helgoland Roads (54°11.3 0 N; 7°54.0 0 E), North Sea. In the absence of mesozooplankton grazers, the microzooplankton rapidly responded to different prey availabilities; this was most pronounced for ciliates such as strombidiids and strobilids. The occurrence of ciliates was strongly dependent on specific prey and abrupt losses in their relative importance with the disappearance of their prey were observed. Thecate and athecate dinoflagellates had a broader food spectrum and slower reaction times compared with ciliates. In general, high microzooplankton potential grazing impacts with an average consumption of 120% of the phytoplankton production (P p ) were measured. Thus, the decline in phytoplankton biomass could be mainly attributed to an intense grazing by microzooplankton. Copepods were less important phytoplankton grazers consuming on average only 47% of P p . Microzooplankton in turn contributed a substantial part to the copepods' diets especially with decreasing quality of phytoplankton food due to nutrient limitation over the course of the bloom. Copepod grazing rates exceeded microzooplankton growth, suggesting their strong top-down control potential on microzooplankton in the field.Selective grazing by microzooplankton was an important factor for stabilising a bloom of less-preferred diatom species in our mesocosms with specific species (Thalassiosira spp., Rhizosolenia spp. and Chaetoceros spp.) dominating the bloom. This study demonstrates the importance of microzooplankton grazers for structuring and controlling phytoplankton spring blooms in temperate waters and the important role of copepods as top-down regulators of microzooplankton.

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“…See also: Apicomplexa; Parasitism: the Variety of Parasites Finally, it should be noted that mixotrophic (Stoecker, 1999) or nonphotosynthetic (plastid-lacking or with a relic plastid) dinoflagellates (or closely related taxa) are widely known, e.g. Noctiluca, Pfiesteria, Gymnodinium, Protoperidinium and some Dinophysis species (Jeong, 1999). However, it is only recently that the genomic footprint of a past plastid (i.e.…”

Section: Nonphotosynthetic Plastidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastid Origin and Evolution

Chan

Bhattacharya

2011

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Plastids (or chloroplasts in plants) are organelles within which photosynthesis takes place in eukaryotes. The origin of the widespread plastid traces back to a cyanobacterium that was engulfed and retained by a heterotrophic protist through a process termed primary endosymbiosis. Subsequent (serial) events of endosymbiosis, involving red and green algae and potentially other eukaryotes, yielded the so‐called ‘complex’ plastids found in photosynthetic taxa such as diatoms, dinoflagellates and euglenids. The field of plastid research also includes nonphotosynthetic organelles (apicoplasts) within the parasitic apicomplexans and the temporary sequestration (‘theft’) of plastids by heterotrophic organisms (kleptoplasty) such as the sea slug Elysia chlorotica . The gain and loss of plastids, and nonlineal gene transfer (associated with endosymbiosis) are key aspects of algal evolution that have decisive impacts on inference of their phylogenetic positions in the tree of life. Deciphering plastid origin therefore provides general insights into the evolution of eukaryote lineages. Key Concepts: The plastid organelle in eukaryotes originated from primary endosymbiosis involving a cyanobacterium. The secondary (and tertiary) plastids show a history of multiple (serial) endosymbiosis involving red and/or green algae. Plastid research is complicated by the presence of nonphotosynthetic plastids in parasitic apicomplexans and by the theft of temporary plastids referred to as kleptoplasty. Understanding plastid origin enhances our understanding of eukaryote evolution.

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The Ecological Roles of Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates in Marine Planktonic Community1

Cited by 159 publications

References 59 publications

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B₁and B₁₂auxotrophs

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B₁and B₁₂auxotrophs

The role of ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates and copepods in structuring spring plankton communities at Helgoland Roads, North Sea

Plastid Origin and Evolution

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The Ecological Roles of Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates in Marine Planktonic Community1

Cited by 159 publications

References 59 publications

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B1and B12auxotrophs

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B1and B12auxotrophs

The role of ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates and copepods in structuring spring plankton communities at Helgoland Roads, North Sea

Plastid Origin and Evolution

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Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B₁and B₁₂auxotrophs

Most harmful algal bloom species are vitamin B₁and B₁₂auxotrophs