The Ecdysial Glands of Arthropods

Herman, William S.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61838-0

Cited by 67 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Although the importance of PG innervation has been well documented (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), to our knowledge, this study is the first report on the molecular basis for neural regulation of ecdysteroidogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…We show that BRFa peptides are produced in the CNS neurons that suppress PG activity by direct innervation. Although the importance of the PG-innervating neurons in the control of ecdysteroidogenesis has been well documented (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), studies revealing molecular basis of the PG regulation have been restricted to hormonal substances throughout the last century (1). To our knowledge, this study is the first report of peptides controlling ecdysteroidogenesis by direct innervation, which may shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of insect development.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Regulation of insect steroid hormone biosynthesis by innervating peptidergic neurons

Yamanaka

Žitňan

Kim

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In insects, steroid hormones named ecdysteroids elicit molting and metamorphosis. The prothoracic gland (PG) is a predominant source of ecdysteroids, where their biosynthesis (ecdysteroidogenesis) is regulated by several neuropeptides. Here, we report that FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) regulate ecdysteroidogenesis through direct innervation of the PG in the silkworm Bombyx mori. We purified a previously uncharacterized Bombyx FaRP, DPSFIRFamide, and identified the corresponding Bombyx FMRFamide gene (Bommo-FMRFamide, BRFa), which encodes three additional FaRPs. All BRFa peptides suppressed ecdysteroidogenesis in the PG by reducing cAMP production by means of the receptor for Bommomyosuppressin, another FaRP we have previously shown to act as a prothoracicostatic factor. BRFa is predominantly expressed in neurosecretory cells of thoracic ganglia, and the neurons in the prothoracic ganglion innervate the PG to supply all four peptides to the gland surface. Electrophysiological recordings during development confirmed the increased firing activity of BRFa neurons in stages with low PG activity and decreased ecdysteroid levels in the hemolymph. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of peptides controlling ecdysteroidogenesis by direct innervation.ecdysteroid ͉ FMRFamide-related peptides ͉ metamorphosis ͉ molting ͉ prothoracic gland

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of insect steroid hormone biosynthesis by innervating peptidergic neurons

Yamanaka

Žitňan

Kim

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Pioneered by Scharrer (1964Scharrer ( , 1966, the ultrastructural characteristics of the prothoracic glands of many insects -except for the Hymenoptera -have been described (reviewed by Herman, 1967;Birkenbeil, 1990), but it were especially correlative studies of gland ultrastructure with ecdysteroid synthesis and titers (Dai and Gilbert, 1991;Sedlak et al, 1983;Sehnal et a1 . , 1988) which permitted statements on the functional morphology of prothoracic glands and their equivalents in dipteran ring glands, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and function of the prothoracic gland in honey bee (Apis melliferaL.) development

Hartfelder¹

1993

Invertebrate Reproduction & Development

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The prothoracic gland of honey bee larvae was identified, and its developmental characteristics were assessed by a combination of histological and physiological methods. The reticulate gland is attached to the intestinal tract at the junction of the esophagus and midgut. Ultrastructurally prothoracic gland cells show the typical characteristics of ecdysteroid-producing cells, i.e., a deep plasma membrane reticular system and extensive smooth as well as rough endoplasmic reticulum. Small lipid vacuoles bounded by flattened SER sacs were found in considerable numbers shortly before commencement of ecdysteroid synthesis. An element apparently unique to prothoracic gland cells of honey bees are tracheoles, which penetrate deeply into the gland. Ecdysteroid production of isolated glands was monitored in vitro by RIA analysis of released products. Developmental profiles for hormone production in prothoracic glands of queen and worker larvae showed a high correlation to caste-specific differences in hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. Control tissue did not liberate significant amounts of RIA-active material during decisive developmental phases.

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“…Individual cells and cell clusters are connected one to another by a highly developed network of connective strands and are distributed over a wide area from the prothorax to the anterior region of the abdomen, as described frequently for lepidopterans and hymenopterans (9). An impressive coincidence is evident, therefore, between the distribution of the prothoracic glands and that of the photoreceptive sites as revealed by localized illumination.…”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

Prothoracic glands of the saturniid moth Samia cynthia ricini possess a circadian clock controlling gut purge timing

Mizoguchi

Ishizaki

1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In the moth Samia cynthia ricini, timing of the release ofprothoracicotropic hormone is controlled by a circadian clock in the cephalic organ (brain); while this hormone release is necessary for gut purge, the final timing of this event is controlled by a circadian clock in the prothoracic glands that gates release of ecdysone. The photoreceptor of the prothoracic gland clock(s) is extraocular and evidently in the glands themselves. Demonstration that the clock and its photoreceptor are in the prothoracic glands is based on a mixture of localized illuminations and the transplantation of glands from one larva to another.

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The Ecdysial Glands of Arthropods

Cited by 67 publications

References 82 publications

Regulation of insect steroid hormone biosynthesis by innervating peptidergic neurons

Regulation of insect steroid hormone biosynthesis by innervating peptidergic neurons

Structure and function of the prothoracic gland in honey bee (Apis melliferaL.) development

Prothoracic glands of the saturniid moth Samia cynthia ricini possess a circadian clock controlling gut purge timing

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