The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation: An Earth Science Imaging Spectroscopy Mission

Green, Robert O.; Mahowald, N. M.; Thompson, David R.; Bator, Lori; Bennet, M.; Bernas, Michael; Blackway, Natalie; Bradley, Christine; Cha, Jeff; Clark, P. E.; Clark, R. N.; Cloud, Deborah; Diaz, Ernesto; Dor, Eyal Ben; Duren, Riley; Eastwood, Michael L.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Fuentes, Lisa de las; Ginoux, Paul; Größ, Johannes; He, Yanzhang; Калашникова, О. В.; Kert, William; Keymeulen, Didier; Klimesh, M.; Ku, Daniel; Kwong-Fu, Helenann; Liggett, Elliott; Li, Longlie; Lundeen, S.; Makowski, Maciej D.; Mazer, Alan S.; Miller, Ron; Mouroulis, Pantazis; Oaida, Bogdan; Okin, Gregory S.; Ortega, Alberto; Oyake, Amalaye; Nguyen, Hung Viet; Pace, Theresa; Painter, T. H.; García‐Pando, Carlos Pérez; Pham, Thang V.; Phillips, B. R.; Pollock, Randy; Purcell, Richard L.; Realmuto, Vincent J.; Schoolcraft, Joshua; Sen, Amit; Shin, Simon; Shaw, Lucas; Soriano, Manny; Swayze, Gregg A.; Thingvold, Erik; Vaid, Afsheen; Zan, Jason

doi:10.1109/aero47225.2020.9172731

Cited by 68 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Dust mineral speciation (illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, hematite, quartz, calcite, feldspar, and gypsum) was incorporated for CAM4 (Scanza et al, 2015) and CAM5 (Scanza et al, 2015;Hamilton et al, 2019) using C1999. Here we add a new mineral tracer for goethite to CAM5 to use J2014 and adopt the incorporated CAM5 mineral species when using C1999.…”

Section: Community Earth System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to source mineralogy uncertainty

et al. 2021

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Abstract. The large uncertainty in the mineral dust direct radiative effect (DRE) hinders projections of future climate change due to anthropogenic activity. Resolving modeled dust mineral speciation allows for spatially and temporally varying refractive indices consistent with dust aerosol composition. Here, for the first time, we quantify the range in dust DRE at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to current uncertainties in the surface soil mineralogical content using a dust mineral-resolving climate model. We propagate observed uncertainties in soil mineral abundances from two soil mineralogy atlases along with the optical properties of each mineral into the DRE and compare the resultant range with other sources of uncertainty across six climate models. The shortwave DRE responds region-specifically to the dust burden depending on the mineral speciation and underlying shortwave surface albedo: positively when the regionally averaged annual surface albedo is larger than 0.28 and negatively otherwise. Among all minerals examined, the shortwave TOA DRE and single scattering albedo at the 0.44–0.63 µm band are most sensitive to the fractional contribution of iron oxides to the total dust composition. The global net (shortwave plus longwave) TOA DRE is estimated to be within −0.23 to +0.35 W m−2. Approximately 97 % of this range relates to uncertainty in the soil abundance of iron oxides. Representing iron oxide with solely hematite optical properties leads to an overestimation of shortwave DRE by +0.10 W m−2 at the TOA, as goethite is not as absorbing as hematite in the shortwave spectrum range. Our study highlights the importance of iron oxides to the shortwave DRE: they have a disproportionally large impact on climate considering their small atmospheric mineral mass fractional burden (∼2 %). An improved description of iron oxides, such as those planned in the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT), is thus essential for more accurate estimates of the dust DRE.

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Section: Community Earth System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to source mineralogy uncertainty

et al. 2021

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“…as from the upcoming launch of the NASA Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission (Green et al, 2020).…”

Section: Implications For Improving Global Dust Cycle Models and Consmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of the world's main dust source regions to the global cycle of desert dust

Kok¹,

Adebiyi²,

Albani³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Even though desert dust is the most abundant aerosol by mass in Earth's atmosphere, the relative contributions of the world’s major dust source regions to the global dust cycle remain poorly constrained. This problem hinders accounting for the potentially large impact of regional differences in dust properties on clouds, the Earth's energy balance, and terrestrial and marine biogeochemical cycles. Here, we constrain the contribution of each of the world’s main dust source regions to the global dust cycle. We use an analytical framework that integrates an ensemble of global model simulations with observationally informed constraints on the dust size distribution, extinction efficiency, and regional dust aerosol optical depth. We obtain a data set that constrains the relative contribution of each of nine major source regions to size-resolved dust emission, atmospheric loading, optical depth, concentration, and deposition flux. We find that the 22–29 Tg (one standard error range) global loading of dust with geometric diameter up to 20 μm is partitioned as follows: North African source regions contribute ~50 % (11–15 Tg), Asian source regions contribute ~40 % (8–13 Tg), and North American and Southern Hemisphere regions contribute ~10 % (1.8–3.2 Tg). Current models might on average be overestimating the contribution of North African sources to atmospheric dust loading at ~65 %, while underestimating the contribution of Asian dust at ~30 %. However, both our results and current models could be affected by unquantified biases, such as due to errors in separating dust aerosol optical depth from that produced by other aerosol species in remote sensing retrievals in poorly observed desert regions. Our results further show that each source region's dust loading peaks in local spring and summer, which is partially driven by increased dust lifetime in those seasons. We also quantify the dust deposition flux to the Amazon rainforest to be ~10 Tg/year, which is a factor of 2–3 less than inferred from satellite data by previous work that likely overestimated dust deposition by underestimating the dust mass extinction efficiency. The data obtained in this paper can be used to obtain improved constraints on dust impacts on clouds, climate, biogeochemical cycles, and other parts of the Earth system.

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“…Most aircraft data consist of onedimensional time series, rather than the two-dimensional maps available from instruments like AIRS. Measurements confined to the flight trajectory provide fewer samples, increasing uncertainty in the derived exponents (Selz et al, 2017;Guillaume et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A new generation of orbital instrumentation may shed new light on fine-scale water vapor. Visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometers, such as NASA's upcoming EMIT mission (Green et al, 2020) or the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) investigation (National Academies of Sciences and Medicine, 2018), are highly sensitive to the water vapor column absorption (Shivers et al, 2019). They typi-cally have a spectral resolution of 5-10 nm and span the 380-2500 nm interval, a range which overlaps significant water absorption features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic imaging of sub-kilometer spatial structure in lower-tropospheric water vapor

et al. 2021

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Abstract. The subgrid spatial variability of water vapor is an important geophysical parameter for modeling tropical convention and cloud processes in atmospheric models. This study maps sub-kilometer spatial structures in total atmospheric column water vapor with visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectroscopy. We describe our inversion approach and validate its accuracy with coincident measurements by airborne imaging spectrometers and the AERONET ground-based observation network. Next, data from NASA's AVIRIS-NG spectrometer enable the highest-resolution measurement to date of water vapor's spatial variability and scaling properties. We find second-order structure function scaling exponents consistent with prior studies of convective atmospheres. Airborne lidar data show that this total column measurement provides information about variability in the lower troposphere. We conclude by discussing the implications of these measurements and paths toward future campaigns to build upon these results.

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The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation: An Earth Science Imaging Spectroscopy Mission

Cited by 68 publications

References 28 publications

Quantifying the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to source mineralogy uncertainty

Quantifying the range of the dust direct radiative effect due to source mineralogy uncertainty

Contribution of the world's main dust source regions to the global cycle of desert dust

Spectroscopic imaging of sub-kilometer spatial structure in lower-tropospheric water vapor

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