The Earth Liberation Front and Environmental Terrorism

Leader, Stefan H.; Probst, Peter

doi:10.1080/09546550390449872

Cited by 49 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Their position as the first and second highest terrorist groups was also noteworthy when their 0 average injury and fatality rate was considered. They clearly wanted a lot of people watching, not a lot of people dead (Leader & Probst, 2003). Despite the news value of death and injury, both groups demonstrated the ability to pursue media attention without physical harm to victims.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Measuring media oriented terrorism

Surette

Hansen

Noble

2009

Journal of Criminal Justice

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Measuring media oriented terrorism

Surette

Hansen

Noble

2009

Journal of Criminal Justice

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“…protest camps (the organized occupation of physical spaces to protest, call attention to, and/or obstruct an activity deemed harmful to the environment or a related issue-area), (nonviolent) direct action (direct action involves an organized activity that is aimed to call attention to, disrupt, or change a behavior considered environmentally unsustainable); and nonviolent acts such as peaceful protests, information gathering, media engagement, and governmental lobbying [14]. The more violent actions of eco-sabotage (e.g., use and threats of violence and property destruction) have often been compared to domestic terrorism [15–17]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial Properties of Radical Environmental Organizations in the UK: Do or Die!

Almquist

Bagozzi

2016

PLoS ONE

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Radical environmental groups and their members have a wide and varied agenda which often encompasses both local and global issues. In their efforts to call attention to environmental problems, communicate with like-minded groups, and mobilize support for their activities, radical environmental organizations also produce an enormous amount of text, which can be used to estimate the complex communications and task-based networks that underlie these organizations. Moreover, the tactics employed to garnish attention for these groups’ agenda can range from peaceful activities such as information dissemination to violent activities such as fire-bombing buildings. To obtain these varied objectives, radical environmental organizations must harness their networks, which have an important spatial component that structures their ability to communicate, coordinate and act on any given agenda item. Here, we analyze a network built from communications and information provided by the semi-annual “Do or Die” (DoD) magazine published in the UK over a 10 year period in the late 1990s and early 2000s. We first employ structural topic model methods to discover violent and nonviolent actors within the larger environmental community. Using this designation, we then compare the spatial structure of these groups, finding that violent groups are especially likely to engage in coordination and/or communication if they are sufficiently close, but exhibit a quickly decreasing probability of interaction over even a few kilometers. Further, violent and nonviolent groups each have a higher probability of coordination with their own group than across groups over even short distances. In these respects, we see that violent groups are especially local in their organization and that their geographic reach is likely very limited. This suggests that nonviolent environmental groups seek each other out over both large and short distances for communication and coordination, but violent groups tend to be highly localized.

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“…And, some of the REM's actions have previously fallen within the parameters that would qualify them as terrorism. For example, strikes against critical infrastructure and other targets and plans to attack individuals are terroristic in nature (Ackerman 2003;Leader and Probst 2003). Biliouri (2001, 18) notes that "there has been a gradual change in operational tactics since the early 1990s, with groups moving away from isolated attacks to engaging in strategically organized campaigns of directed action.".…”

Section: Ideological Foundation Of the Radical Environmental Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radical Stakeholders and the Craft of Environmental Public Policy: Security Dimensions, Considerations and Implications

Deshpande

2011

Risk Hazard & Crisis Pub Pol

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Among the terrorist threats to the American homeland, law enforcement authorities have previously characterized the danger posed by the radical environmentalist movement (REM) as severe. In order to counter the threat, decision makers must recognize that public policies beyond the existing counterterrorism framework -especially those that concern the environment -might have a mitigating effect on support for the REM movement and its potential use of violent tactics. Officials should focus on policy ownership and delegitimizing its leaders' narratives when crafting such policies. Ultimately, the approach to countering the radical environmental movement must be comprehensive: it should not rely on the narrow tenets of counterterrorism alone and should encompass other policy mechanisms in order to best mitigate this threat.

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The Earth Liberation Front and Environmental Terrorism

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Measuring media oriented terrorism

Measuring media oriented terrorism

The Spatial Properties of Radical Environmental Organizations in the UK: Do or Die!

Radical Stakeholders and the Craft of Environmental Public Policy: Security Dimensions, Considerations and Implications

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