The early in utero oestrogen and testosterone environment of blacks and whites: potential effects on male offspring

Be, Henderson; Bernstein, Leslie; Ross, R. K.; Depue, RH; Judd, HL

doi:10.1038/bjc.1988.46

Cited by 204 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Total testosterone (ng ml À1 ) 1.2 (1.1 -1.3) 1.3 (1.2 -1.4) 2.0 (1.8 -2.1) 1.9 (1.7 -2.0) o0.01 o0.01 Free testosterone (pg ml À1 ) 1.3 (1.2 -1.3) 1.3 (1.2 -1.4) 1.7 (1.6 -1.7) 1.6 (1.5 -1.7) o0.01 o0.01 Free and albumin-bound testosterone (ng dl À1 ) 2.0 (2.0 -2.1) 2.1 (2.0 -2.2) 2.4 (2.3 -2.4) 2.4 (2.3 -2. accord with other results (Henderson et al, 1988;Hsieh et al, 2002). If anything, these results may suggest that increased estradiol levels in first trimester are associated with reduced risk of TGCT, rather than increased risk.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…We found significantly higher testosterone levels among black women in contrast with white women as did other studies: (Henderson et al, 1988;Troisi et al, 2003a). We also found higher total estradiol among black women than white women, which is in Total estriol (ng ml À1 ) 0.8 (0.7 -0.9) 0.8 (0.7 -0.9) 0.9 (0.8 -0.9) 0.8 (0.7 -0.9) 0.28 0.54…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Also examining mothers in the CPP, Henderson et al (1988) studied first timester serum samples from 20 white and 20 black women and found no significant differences in levels of estradiol (total and free), SHBG or human chorionic gonadotropin. Contrary to expectation, the levels of total estradiol and free estradiol were higher in the black mothers (mean total estradiol ¼ 189.4 pg dl À1 ; mean free estradiol ¼ 1.66 pg dl À1 ) than the white mothers (mean total estradiol ¼ 138.4 pg dl À1 ; mean free estradiol ¼ 1.28 pg dl À1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some studies have supported this hypothesis (Moller and Skakkebaek, 1997;Sabroe and Olsen, 1998), two direct examinations of maternal hormone levels have not (Henderson et al, 1988;Troisi et al, 2003a). The direct examinations may have been hampered, however, by somewhat limited sample sizes and by studying samples drawn at only one time in pregnancy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Maternal hormone levels among populations at high and low risk of testicular germ cell cancer

et al. 2005

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Ethnic differences in maternal oestrogen levels have been suggested as explaining the significantly higher risk of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) of white men than black men in the United States. We therefore examined levels of maternal oestrogens, as well as testosterone and alphafetoprotein (AFP), in 150 black and 150 white mothers in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Serum levels of estradiol (total, free and bioavailable), estriol, testosterone (total, free and bioavailable), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and AFP were examined during first and third trimesters. We found that the black mothers, rather than the white mothers, had significantly higher estradiol levels in first trimester (P ¼ 0.05). Black mothers also had significantly higher levels of all testosterone (Po0.001) and AFP (Po0.001) in both trimesters. In addition, the ratios of sex hormones (estradiol/testosterone) were significantly lower among black mothers. These findings provide little support to the oestrogen hypothesis, but are consistent with higher levels of testosterones and/or AFP being associated with reduced risk of TGCT; alternatively, lower oestrogen/androgen ratios may be associated with reduced risk.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal hormone levels among populations at high and low risk of testicular germ cell cancer

et al. 2005

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“…24 Gestational hormonal difference has been evaluated, with testosterone found to be 48% higher in African American women compared to Caucasians counterparts. 25 Another study observed maternal serum testosterone levels to be 84% higher and androstenedione to be 52% higher in blacks compared to whites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular cancer incidence trends in the USA (1975–2004): plateau or shifting racial paradigm?

et al. 2008

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OBJECTIVE: Plateau in testicular cancer incidence in some parts of the United States (US) especially among non-Hispanic white males in Los Angeles had been observed. We conducted three decades temporal trends analysis to assess the evidence of such a plateau, and to examine whether the rate remains stable across racial/ethnic groups as well as the influence of age at diagnosis on the incidence rate. STUDY DESIGN:Population-based temporal trends analysis. METHODS:Using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER), we identified between 1975 and 2004, 16,580 of newly diagnosed testicular cancer cases, aged 15−49 years. The incidence rates were examined by calculating the age-adjusted rates and their 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for the age at diagnosis, SEER areas, and race by the year of diagnosis. The percent change and annual percent change were examined for trends. RESULTS:Incidence of testicular cancer continues to increase among US males, albeit the plateau of the 1990s. Between 1975 and 2004 the age-adjusted incidence rate for ages, 15−49 years increased from 2.9 (1975) to 5.1(2004) per 100,000. The trends indicated a percent change of 71.9% and a statistically significant annual percent change of 1.6 %,( 95% CI, 1.3−2.0), p < 0.05. Though the rates in blacks remained strikingly low, 0.3 to 1.4 per 100,000, the highest annual percent change was observed among blacks, 2.3%, (95%, CI, 0.8−3.9), p < 0.05 for trends. The rates were intermediate among Asians/ Pacific Islanders and American Indian and Alaska Natives 0.7 to 2.9 per 100,000, percent change (117.3%) and a statistically significant annual change of 1.5%, (95% CI, 0.3−2.7) p < 0.05 for trends. The highest rates were reported among Whites, 3.2 to 6.3 per 100,000, percent change (90.4%) , with a statistically significant annual percent change of 2.0%, (95% CI, 1.6 −2.3), p < 0.05. The peak age at diagnosis was, 30−34 years while the lowest rates were reported in

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Racial Differences in Screening for Prostate Cancer in the Elderly

Gilligan¹,

Wang

Levin

et al. 2004

Arch Intern Med

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The early in utero oestrogen and testosterone environment of blacks and whites: potential effects on male offspring

Cited by 204 publications

References 32 publications

Maternal hormone levels among populations at high and low risk of testicular germ cell cancer

Maternal hormone levels among populations at high and low risk of testicular germ cell cancer

Testicular cancer incidence trends in the USA (1975–2004): plateau or shifting racial paradigm?

Racial Differences in Screening for Prostate Cancer in the Elderly

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