The Early Development of Parent–Young Interaction in Nature

Hess, Eckhard H.; Petrovich, Slobodan B.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-515650-9.50008-3

Cited by 7 publications

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“…Two hypotheses, not necessarily mutually exclusive, can be offered in answer to that question. One hypothesis has been generated from our observations and findings which indicate the importance, if not the necessity, of the biologically appropriate stimuli in the induction of biologically appropriate behavior (Hess, 1972a(Hess, , 1972bHess & Hess, 1969;Hess & Petrovich, 1973). Thus, in order to investigate the induction of filial or parental behavior, one must evaluate the manifestation of such behavior under natural or seminatural ecological conditions and compare the outcome with the specific behavior (or lack of it) generated by the deprivation or semideprivation settings characteristic of laboratory methodologies.…”

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confidence: 94%

Induction of parental behavior in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Hess¹,

Petrovich²,

Goodwin³

1976

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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The Japanese quail is a precocial species, and because of its relatively rapid development, sexual maturation in about 40 days after hatching, and prolific breeding capacity, it promises to become an organism well suited for avian research. One stumbling block has been the inability to induce, with any consistency, parental behavior in laboratory stocks. The study reported herein demonstrates a method for establishing a self-perpetuating population under aeminaturalistic conditions. In addition, given the limitions of finite space, chick mortality appears to have been mostly density dependent, thus indicating that the increase in the size of the population is circumscribed in part by population density.The Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) has been described as an organism well suited for avian research (Padgett & Ivey, 1959;W. O. Wilson, Abbott, & Abplanalp, 1959, 1961. Our laboratory has focused on the imprinting phenomenon for many years (Hess, 1973), and the Japanese quail promises to be an excellent subject for study (Clements & Lien, in press;Kovach, 1974 Kovach, ,1975Ozmon, 1970; Schein & Kimmel, Note 1). It is a precocial species, and because of its relatively rapid development, sexual maturation in about 40 days after hatching, and prolific breeding capacity, it deserves more attention than it has received hitherto from behavioral scientists interested in imprinting. One stumbling block, perhaps unexpected to many investigators, has been the inability to induce parental behavior in laboratory stocks of Japanese quail (Brody, 1970;Rothstein, 1967; Schein, Note 2), which for many generations have been propagated only by artificial incubation. Surely, the Japanese quail species at one time possessed the parental behaviors necessary for its perpetuation.

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confidence: 94%

Induction of parental behavior in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Hess¹,

Petrovich²,

Goodwin³

1976

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…Recordings made of the vocalizations and bill-clappings of a hatching duckling were played to female mallards in various stages of incubation. 18 The readiness of the female to respond to these sounds was determined by the stage of incubation of her own eggs. That this readiness is probably developmentally timed was indicated by the fact that females that had been sitting on infertile eggs for 24 days and therefore could not have received auditory stimuli from these eggs were still very responsive to these sounds.…”

Section: The Natural Imprinting Object Compared With the Laboratory Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An experiment in which laboratory incubator eggs were cooled in a '72 1" C room for two hours daily resulted in the eggs hatching over a 36-hour period, while those that were cooled in a 2721" C room for two hours daily hatched over the usual 60-hour period. 18 In addition, hatching synchronism may possibly be influenced by interaction between the young themselves in the eggs, a factor that requires experimental exploration.…”

Section: The Natural Imprinting Object Compared With the Laboratory Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Hess: The Natural History of Imprinting*

Hess

1972

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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For two decades our laboratories have been working in the area of imprinting. The first collaborator on this project was A. 0. Ramsay, who had previously published in this area.' His earlier work studied imprinting by utilizing foster parents as imprinting objects for hatchlings. It was decided that we would conduct a laboratory investigation of imprinting. For this purpose I constructed an automated imprinting apparatus that would determine how much a decoy was followed by a young animal such as a mallard duckling. It consisted of a 12lh-foot circular runway around which a decoy could be moved by means of a rotating arm originating from a motor inside the circle formed by the runway. Cables and pulleys were rigged up so that a box in which a duckling was kept could be remotely opened and the duckling deposited at a specified place in the runway without its being exposed to a human being. At the end of the experimental run, a small trapdoor in the runway opened so that the duckling could similarly be gently dropped back into its box without being handled.The decoy used as the imprinting object was fitted internally with a loudspeaker that played from a tape recorder on the remotely located control panel. The decoy also contained a thermostatically controlled heating element to provide warmth in the event that this turned out to be an important factor. Treadles on the floor of the runway activated counters indicating the amount of following by the young animal. The procedure was standardized so that the imprinting experience of the young animal lasted for a 10-20-minute period at a precise moment in time after hatching. Thousands of mallard ducklings, as well as large numbers of other duck and fowl species, have been tested in our imprinting apparatus.At McDonogh, Md., a small pond was supplied with a number of elevated nest boxes. These nest boxes were placed over the water, usually near the edge of the pond, but sometimes near the center as well. Straw and pine needles were placed into the boxes, on which the mallards were to make their nests and lay eggs. This pond became the source of eggs that were hatched in incubators for the imprinting research.Subsequently, long-range observations were begun at the research operations at Lake Cove, on the eastern shore of Maryland. While these observations were being made, it was noted that there seemed to be an imprinting to the environment on the part of young mallard ducklings. Mallard ducklings that had been used in laboratory imprinting experiments after hatching in the laboratory incubator were banded for identification purposes. It was found that the following spring, after their release, they tended to use the nest boxes.* Furthermore, wild-hatched ducklings that had been reared in a nest box also built their nests in nest boxes rather than on the ground, while those that had hatched on the ground and were reared in a ground nest tended to make their nests on the ground when they had reached sexual maturity.During the past decade, the imprinting situation as inves...

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“…More important, several authors (e.g., Willems, Sells, Menzel, Brandt) preceded Dipboye and Flanagan in emphasizing an empirical approach to generalization and-outlined a number of specific steps for the empirical analysis. Most important, investigators such as Hall and Williams (1966), Hess and Petrovich (1973), Gump andKounin (1959-1960), Kavanau (1969), Menzel (1969), and Paris and Cairns (1972) reported empirical evaluations of the degree of generalization between experimental and naturalistic studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

The external validity of papers on external validity.

Willems¹,

Howard²

1980

American Psychologist

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he finds admirable the work of IQ testers during the 1920s and 1930s.The historical record is available to anyone. Yerkes was active in the eugenics movement, supported sterilization laws, and favored revision of the immigration laws to exclude the so-called brunette nationalities. Goddard had gone to Ellis Island, with his Binet test under his arm, and had tested a "representative sample" of immigrants. He found that "83% of the Jews, 80% of the Hungarians, 79% of the Italians, and 87% of the Russians were 'feeble minded' " (cited in Kamin, 1974, p. 16).Hebb writes, "It was quite clear, for the first time, that many blacks were more intelligent than many whites" (p. 1144). It is also clear that many psychologists were racists. In 1923, Carl Brigham of Princeton University presented the results of IQ testing of soldiers during World War I. Near the end of his "scientific" review, Brigham says, We must face the possibility of racial admixture here that is infinitely worse than that favored by any European country today, for we are incorporating the negro into our racial stock, while all of Europe is comparatively free from this taint. . . . The decline of American intelligence will be more rapid . . . owing to the presence here of the negro, (pp. 209-210) Yerkes wrote a laudatory introduction to Brigham's book. I suggest that the historical record is not as admirable as Hebb states.In short, I believe Hebb is wrong in many of his assertions about the social implications of IQ testing of the poor and of minorities. I'd be happy to debate this issue with him.

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The Early Development of Parent–Young Interaction in Nature

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Induction of parental behavior in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Induction of parental behavior in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Hess: The Natural History of Imprinting*

The external validity of papers on external validity.

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