The earliest occurrence ofSivapithecus from the middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan

Kappelman, John; Kelley, Jay; Pilbeam, David; Sheikh, Khalid A.; Ward, Steven; Anwar, Muhammad; Barry, John C.; Brown, Barbara E.; Hake, Paige; Johnson, Noye M.; Raza, S. Mahmood; Shah, S. M. Imbrahim

doi:10.1016/0047-2484(91)90036-u

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The extant sample of this species largely derives from between 10.5 and 12 Mya with one specimen from a substantially earlier geological level dating to between 12.4 and 13 Mya (Suganuma et al 2006). Sivapithecus indicus, from the Chinji Formation of the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan, is dated to between 12.8 and 11.4 Mya (Kappelman et al 1991). These two fossil genera are known also from larger, later samples with substantial craniodental similarities with living and fossil Pongo (Kelley 2002;Begun 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incomplete lineage sorting patterns among human, chimpanzee, and orangutan suggest recent orangutan speciation and widespread selection

Hobolth¹,

Dutheil²,

Hawks³

et al. 2011

Genome Res.

205

180

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We search the complete orangutan genome for regions where humans are more closely related to orangutans than to chimpanzees due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) in the ancestor of human and chimpanzees. The search uses our recently developed coalescent hidden Markov model (HMM) framework. We find ILS present in~1% of the genome, and that the ancestral species of human and chimpanzees never experienced a severe population bottleneck. The existence of ILS is validated with simulations, site pattern analysis, and analysis of rare genomic events. The existence of ILS allows us to disentangle the time of isolation of humans and orangutans (the speciation time) from the genetic divergence time, and we find speciation to be as recent as 9-13 million years ago ( Mya; contingent on the calibration point). The analyses provide further support for a recent speciation of human and chimpanzee at~4 Mya and a diverse ancestor of human and chimpanzee with an effective population size of about 50,000 individuals. Posterior decoding infers ILS for each nucleotide in the genome, and we use this to deduce patterns of selection in the ancestral species. We demonstrate the effect of background selection in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. In agreement with predictions from population genetics, ILS was found to be reduced in exons and gene-dense regions when we control for confounding factors such as GC content and recombination rate. Finally, we find the broad-scale recombination rate to be conserved through the complete ape phylogeny.[Supplemental material is available for this article.]A prime objective of studying DNA sequences from primate species is to understand the speciation processes and the genomic and phenotypic divergence of the species. The role of natural selection in these processes is particularly interesting to understand. Recently, Locke et al. (2011) added the orangutan to the list of fully sequenced primates, and this opens the investigation of a new time epoch in primate evolution. Whole-genome analysis of the fiveway alignment of the three great apes-human, chimpanzee, and orangutan-using macaque and marmoset as outgroups, allows us to gain insight into evolution on the primate branch leading to human, including knowledge on the speciation processes and speciation times for human, chimpanzee, and orangutan. The variation in divergence times between sequences from different species contains information about the effective population sizes of the ancestral species, and by estimating the effective population sizes, we can disentangle the times of divergence of genomes from the times of divergence of species. Furthermore, the imprint of natural selection shows as variations in the effective population size estimated locally in the genome, and this signature is therefore an important tool for analyzing the effects of selection and their interaction with the effects of recombination and migration.The power to infer the ancestral effective population sizes, the times when species split, and recombinati...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incomplete lineage sorting patterns among human, chimpanzee, and orangutan suggest recent orangutan speciation and widespread selection

Hobolth¹,

Dutheil²,

Hawks³

et al. 2011

Genome Res.

205

180

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“…Stars denote the two possible positions of hominoid. (Kappelman et al, 1991). Qiu and Qiu (1995) suggest that the Xiaolongtan fauna represents the last stage of the Anchitherium fauna on the Eurasian continent, or approximately Zone MN 8 in the European mammal chronology.…”

Section: Age Constraints Of the Xiaolongtan Formation And Associated mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the hominoids in eastern and southern Asia (Fig. 1), Sivapithecus from Pakistan is~12.5 Ma (Barry et al, 2002;Kappelman et al, 1991), K. chiangmuanensis from Chiang Muan Basin, northern Thailand is 13.5-10 Ma (Benammi et al, 2004;Chaimanee et al, 2003), or 12.4-13 Ma (Suganuma et al, 2006) or 12.4-12.2 Ma (Coster et al, 2010), K. piriyai from Khorat in northeast Thailand is 9-7 Ma , K. ayeyarwadyensis from Myanmar is 10.4-8.8 Ma (Jaeger et al, 2011), L. lufengensis from Shihuiba in the Lufeng Basin is 6.9-5.8 Ma (Flynn and Qi, 1982;Qi et al, 2006); L. hudienensis in the Yuanmou Basin is 8.2-7.2 Ma (Ni and Qiu, 2002;Yue et al, 2004;Zhu et al, 2005), L. lufengensis in the Zhaotong Basin is~6.2 Ma (Ji et al, 2013). The age of the hominoid from Baoshan remains poorly constrained; however, it was considered to be much younger (3-5 Ma) than the others (Harrison et al, 2002).…”

Section: Age Constraints Of the Xiaolongtan Formation And Associated mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetostratigraphy of the Xiaolongtan Formation bearing Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis in Yunnan, southwestern China: Constraint on the initiation time of the southern segment of the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault

Deng

Dong

et al. 2015

Tectonophysics

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The late Cenozoic extensional basins in Yunnan Province (southwestern China), which are kinematically linked with the regional strike-slip faults, can provide meaningful constraints on the fault activity history and tectonic evolution of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau (SEMTP), and further on the geodynamic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. However, this has been severely impeded by the lack of precise age constraints on the timing of fault activity. To better constrain the timing of fault activity and the tectonic rotation of SEMTP, we undertook a high-resolution magnetostratigraphic study on the Xiaolongtan Formation in the Xiaolongtan Basin, which is located at the southern tip of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault and is well-known by the presence of hominoid Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis. Rock magnetic experiments indicate that magnetite is the main remanence carrier. Correlation to the geomagnetic polarity timescale was achieved by combining magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic data. Our correlation suggests that the Xiaolongtan Formation sedimentary sequence spans from Chron C5Ar.1r to Chron C5n.2n, which indicates that the age of the Xiaolongtan Formation ranges from 10 Ma to 12.7 Ma, and that the ages of the two sedimentary layers possibly bearing the hominoid L. keiyuanensis are~11.6 Ma or~12.5 Ma. The basal age of the sediments is 12.7 Ma, which indicates that the activation of the southern Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault was initiated at this time. The overall mean paleomagnetic direction (D = 353.2°, I = 34.2°, α 95 = 2.1°, n = 166) documents a counter-clockwise vertical axis rotation of −8 ± 3°with respect to Eurasia, which is the response to the activity of the left-lateral Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault.

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“…However, by ~12.5 Ma both are established in their respective regions, Sivapithecus in Chinji Formation deposits in the Potwar plateau and Dryopithecus from St. Gaudens in France and St. Stefan in Austria (Kappelman et al, 1991;Steininger, 1999). All hominids from the Potwar plateau are currently attributed to Sivapithecus (Kelley, 2002), though the earliest specimens from Chinji are much more poorly preserved than at later Potwar localities, from which the bulk of Sivapithecus is known.…”

Section: Eurasian Hominid Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sivapithecus is east and Dryopithecus is west, and never the twain shall meet

Begun

2005

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Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus are well-described Miocene hominids (great apes and humans), both known since the 19th century. Over the years these genera have been combined into one (Dryopithecus) or separated up to the subfamily level. Each have been dismissed as interesting side branches, hailed as direct ancestors, or recognized as sister clades to one or more clade of extant hominid. Here I argue that they are each stem taxa of the two living hominid clades Ponginae and Homininae. A famous poem by Rudyard Kipling tells the tale of a British and Afghan soldier whose differences (in ethnicity) obscure their similarities (in character). The relationship between Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus is similar. On the one hand, Sivapithecus is restricted to South Asia, has thickly enameled molars, robust jaws, and superficially baboon-like forelimbs; Dryopithecus is European, has thinly enameled molars and gracile jaws, with suspensory forelimbs. On the other hand, both are great apes, both had suspensory adaptations, large brains, and delayed development, and both are closely related to living hominids. Recognition of the likely relations of Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus provides insight into the causes, timing, and paleobiogeography of crown hominid origins.

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The earliest occurrence ofSivapithecus from the middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan

Cited by 75 publications

References 31 publications

Incomplete lineage sorting patterns among human, chimpanzee, and orangutan suggest recent orangutan speciation and widespread selection

Incomplete lineage sorting patterns among human, chimpanzee, and orangutan suggest recent orangutan speciation and widespread selection

Magnetostratigraphy of the Xiaolongtan Formation bearing Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis in Yunnan, southwestern China: Constraint on the initiation time of the southern segment of the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault

Sivapithecus is east and Dryopithecus is west, and never the twain shall meet

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