The earliest large carpenter bee (Xylocopa) and its adhering pollen (Araliaceae, Theaceae)
Christian Geier,
Michael S. Engel,
Johannes M. Bouchal
et al.
Abstract:The association of pollinators with their host plants is a critical element of ecosystem functioning and one that is usually determined indirectly in the fossil record from specific morphological traits of flowers or putative pollinating animals. The exceptionally fine preservation at Messel, Germany, offers an excellent source of data on pollen from fossil flowers as well as preserved adhering to insects as direct evidence of their association with specific floral lineages. Here, we report on pollen recovered… Show more
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