The dynamics of the nuclear environment and their impact on gene function

Abstract

In the last decades it has become increasingly clear how the modulation of spatial organization of chromatin over time and through the cell cycle is closely connected to gene function regulation. Different physicochemical stimuli contribute to the realization of specific transcriptional programs and finally to a specific cellular phenotype. In this review, we aim to describe the current knowledge about the dynamics regulating the movements and the interactions of molecules within the nucleus and their impact on gene functions. In particular, taking into account that these forces exert their effect in a nuclear environment characterized by a high concentration of molecules, we will discuss the role of proteins and structures that regulate these movements and transduce physicochemical signals acting on the cell to the nucleus.

Mercury chloride alters heterochromatin domain organization and nucleolar activity in mouse liver

“…Of note, the chelating agents used to date for medical treatment of mercury toxicity, which form chelation compounds with toxic metal ions that are then eliminated from the body by the excretory system, show themselves some extent of toxicity and are ineffective in repairing tissue damages (Wiggers et al 2008 ; Zannino et al 2021 ; Abdel Moneim 2015 ).…”

“…Nevertheless, its effects on the nucleus are less studied. Nuclear architecture and gene expression are profoundly influenced by external cues and stressful stimuli (Zannino et al 2021 ). Chromatin organization in molecular structures with different degrees of packaging and condensation can be modulated according to gene transcription and especially through epigenetic modifications (Fedorova and Zink 2008 ).…”