The Dynamics of Multiple Infection and the Evolution of Virulence

Baalen, Minus van; Sabelis, Maurice W.

doi:10.1086/285830

Cited by 434 publications

(477 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Our model can be extended to consider pathogen-strain competition under coinfection (May and Nowak, 1995;van Baalen and Sabelis, 1995) where different strains simultaneously exploit the same host individual, and under superinfection (Levin and Pimentel, 1981;Nowak and May, 1994;Castillo-Chavez and Velasco-Hernandez, 1998;Gandon et al, 2002) where one pathogen strain can evict another from individual hosts. Each of these processes adds withinhost competition to between-host competition, complicating the evolutionary dynamics (Adler and Mosquera, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strain that can invade, exclude and then repel all other strains exhibits an evolutionarily stable strategy (an ESS;Maynard Smith, 1982). Note, however, that the question of competitive exclusion/ coexistence becomes more complex when the dynamics includes either coinfection or superinfection (van Baalen and Sabelis, 1995;Gandon, 1998;Adler and Mosquera, 2000;Pugliese, 2002).…”

Section: Pathogen Strain Competitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most analyses of pathogen life histories address direct-contact pathogens, and focus on "transmission-virulence" trade-offs (Massad, 1987;van Baalen and Sabelis, 1995;Ganusov et al, 2002;Alizon and van Baalen, 2005). Direct-contact pathogens are transmitted from an infectious to a susceptible host before the former recovers or dies, since the pathogen rapidly deteriorates outside host tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 E-mail address: ingnang@albany.edu host resources also can increase the host's mortality rate, decreasing the expected duration of the infectious period (similar arguments apply to immune-driven recovery). Therefore, excessive virulence might decrease the total number of infections transmitted per infection, so that a trade-off between intensity and duration of disease transmission induces selection for intermediate virulence (Ebert, 1994;Lipsitch and Moxon, 1997;Messenger et al, 1999;van Baalen and Sabelis, 1995;Gandon et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But these direct effects can be misleading; functional dependencies between parameters can alter ecological relationships as selection proceeds. The population dynamics, in turn, defines selection pressures shaping pathogen evolution (van Baalen and Sabelis, 1995;. So, we proceed by first assuring dynamic stability of the internal equilibrium, and then analyze selection on interdependent pathogen traits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Free-living pathogens: Life-history constraints and strain competition

Caraco

Wang

2008

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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Many pathogen life histories include a free-living stage, often with anatomical and physiological adaptations promoting persistence outside of host tissues. More durable particles presumably require that the pathogen metabolize more resources per particle. Therefore, we hypothesize functional dependencies, pleiotropic constraints, between the rate at which free-living particles decay outside of host tissues and other pathogen traits, including virulence, the probability of infecting a host upon contact, and pathogen reproduction within host tissues. Assuming that pathogen strains compete for hosts preemptively, we find patterns in trait dependencies predicting whether or not strain competition favors a highly persistent free-living stage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogen Strain Competitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Free-living pathogens: Life-history constraints and strain competition

Caraco

Wang

2008

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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Disease, Darwin, and medicine in the third epidemiological transition

Armelagos

1997

Evol. Anthropol.

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Competitive outcome of multiple infections in a behavior‐manipulating virus/wasp interaction

Martinez

Fleury

Varaldi

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Infections by multiple parasites are common in nature and may impact the evolution of host–parasite interactions. We investigated the existence of multiple infections involving the DNA virus LbFV and the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi. This vertically transmitted virus forces infected females to lay their eggs in already parasitized Drosophila larvae (a behavior called superparasitism), thus favoring its spread through horizontal transmission. Previous theoretical work indicated that the evolution of the level of the manipulation strongly depends on whether infected parasitoids can be re‐infected or not. Here, we describe a strain of LbFV that differs from the reference strain by showing a deletion within the locus used for PCR detection. We used this polymorphism to test for the existence of multiple infections in this system. Viral strains did not differ on their vertical or horizontal transmission rates nor on the way they affect the parasitoid's phenotype, including their ability to manipulate behavior. Although already infected parasitoids were much less susceptible to new infection than uninfected ones, frequent coinfection was detected. However, following coinfection, competition between viral strains led to the rapid elimination of one strain or the other after a few generations of vertical transmission. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of the behavioral manipulation.

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The Dynamics of Multiple Infection and the Evolution of Virulence

Cited by 434 publications

References 22 publications

Free-living pathogens: Life-history constraints and strain competition

Free-living pathogens: Life-history constraints and strain competition

Disease, Darwin, and medicine in the third epidemiological transition

Competitive outcome of multiple infections in a behavior‐manipulating virus/wasp interaction

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