The dynamics of injection drug users’ personal networks and HIV risk behaviors

Costenbader, Elizabeth; Astone, Nan Marie; Latkin, Carl A.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01431.x

Cited by 107 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Changes may indicate turnover in and out of the network, or change in the behavior of network members over time. Prior research has suggested that there is a substantial degree of turnover in the present sample (Costenbader et al, 2006). Further exploration with microsocial analysis (Reifman et al, 2006) is indicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…A social network consists of an index individual and the individuals with whom the index is connected by interactions or behaviors of interest (Wasserman and Galaskiewicz, 1994). Social networks have been used to examine drug use (e.g., Latkin et al, 1995;Costenbader et al, 2006;Gyarmathy and Neaigus, 2006). Only recently has SNA begun to be used for theory testing (Baerveldt, 2005;Helleringer and Kohler, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug use in the social networks of heroin and cocaine users before and after drug cessation

Buchanan¹,

Latkin²

2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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The present study examined Social Control processes in drug cessation among adults. Social Control theory posits that the association between drug use and the drug use of a person's social network results from an individual seeking out similar peers. The data included 629 individuals who reported past-year heroin or cocaine use at baseline and had follow-up data in a community study in Baltimore, MD. Negative binomial regression modeling indicated that the reduction in social network drug use was significantly greater for quitters than those who did not quit. Compared to non-quitters at baseline, the IRR of the number of drug-using network members was 0.86 for quitters at baseline, 0.71 for non-quitters at follow-up, and 0.28 for quitters at follow-up (all p < 0.05). These findings support Social Control theory in adult drug use cessation. Future research should extend the length of follow-up and assess bidirectional influences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug use in the social networks of heroin and cocaine users before and after drug cessation

Buchanan¹,

Latkin²

2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…There may have been under-reporting of travel due to recall bias, also leading to bias to the null. We also cannot ascribe causality to the associations observed in this study due to its cross-sectional nature, however it is plausible that the circumstances of travel increase the opportunity for risk, for example, by decreasing access to services such as needle exchange, outreach workers, and service providers, and by fluctuations in injecting networks (Costenbader et al, 2006). The associations also might be explained by self-selection, such that persons who engage in high-risk behavior are also more likely to travel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Traveling young injection drug users at high risk for acquisition and transmission of viral infections

Hahn

Page

Ford

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background: Young injection drug users (IDU) are highly mobile. It is not known how mobility affects their risk of acquiring and transmitting viral infections. Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study of young (under age 30) IDU in San Francisco (2004)(2005)(2006). Participants completed a semi-structured interview and testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infection. We examined whether travel was independently associated with drug, alcohol, sexual risk behaviors, and infection status, after adjusting for demographic characteristics and years injecting.Results: Two-thirds (62%) reported past (3 months) travel outside of San Francisco (n=355). Travelers, as compared to non-travelers, were more likely to be under age 20, female, and planned to leave San Francisco in the coming months. Travel was independently associated with heavy alcohol consumption, drinking alcohol until blackout, poly-substance use, more sexual and injecting partners, and receptive needle/syringe sharing, sharing drug preparation equipment, backloading syringes, and pooling money to buy drugs. In an analysis of interactions with travel, younger travelers were more likely to be HCV positive than younger non-travelers.Discussion: Traveling young IDU are at exceptionally high risk for acquiring and transmitting viral infections, while their mobility makes it challenging to effectively deliver interventions.

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“…41 In the analyses, we used both cutoff points to examine whether the associations differed by depression severity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Drug User Stigma and Depression among Inner-City Drug Users in Baltimore, MD

et al. 2012

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There is growing awareness of the role of stigma and discrimination in HIV prevention, testing, and medical care. Yet, few studies have examined the stigma associated with using illicit drugs. In the present study, we examined the relationship between social network characteristics, drug user stigma, and depression. Study participants were comprised of 340 individuals who reported cocaine, crack, and/or heroin use in the prior 6 months and were involved in an HIV prevention study. They were recruited through street outreach, referrals, and word of mouth in inner-city Baltimore, MD, USA. The stigma scale was comprised of eight items, such as "how much do you feel ashamed of using drugs?" Depression was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, using cutoffs of 16 and 20 or greater. In the bivariate analyses, gender, homelessness in the past 6 months, drug user stigma, larger size of drug network, and current use of heroin, cocaine, and crack were all significantly associated with high levels of depression, whereas in the multivariate analyses, only drug user stigma remained significantly associated with depression. The results of this study suggest that drug treatment providers and other professionals who provide services to drug users should consider developing trainings to address drug user stigma. These programs should focus on the attitudes and behaviors of health and service providers toward drug users, among drug users themselves, and among family members and others who provide social support to drug users.

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The dynamics of injection drug users’ personal networks and HIV risk behaviors

Cited by 107 publications

References 36 publications

Drug use in the social networks of heroin and cocaine users before and after drug cessation

Drug use in the social networks of heroin and cocaine users before and after drug cessation

Traveling young injection drug users at high risk for acquisition and transmission of viral infections

The Relationship between Drug User Stigma and Depression among Inner-City Drug Users in Baltimore, MD

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