The dynamics of communication in counseling.

A Significant Counselor Personality Characteristic: Tolerance of Ambiguity

“…Analysis of the counselors' orientations was the next step performed, The 25 interview protocols were analyzed by categorizing each counselor response according to a standardized list of counselor leads considered to be representative of "directive" and "client-centered" counselor orientations. This technique evolved from studies employing broad categorization of interview content Muthard, 1953;Dipboye, 1954) to studies which employed classification of specific remarks or leads the counselor uses during the interview (Danskin & Robinson, 1954;Robinson, 1955). The primary device used in this study for defining lead categories was the glossary of counseling leads presented by Miller ( 1962).…”

“…A second kind of variable used in the analysis of counselor orientation was the amount of time of counselor talk estimated as a percentage of the total clock time of the interview. Investigations by Rogers (1942), Carnes and Robinson (1948), and Robinson (1955) indicate that the number of words spoken by the counselor tends to be relatively consistent from one interview to the next and that there is a high relationship between the ratio of words spoken by the counselor and the degree of counselor directiveness.…”

THE SELECTION INTERVIEW— A RE‐EVALUATION OF PUBLISHED RESEARCH1

“…Basically, this provides an microanalysis of the interview as opposed to the usual macroanalysis. Several types of units have been suggested as appropriate for this type of analysis and many studies using units have been undertaken (e.g., Chapple, 1949;Bales, 1950;Daniels & Otis, 1950;Borgatta & Bales, 1953;Muthard, 1953;Dipboye, 1954;Robinson, 1955;Matarazzo, Saslow, & Matarazzo, 1956). Chapple (1949) related several such unit measures to the success of factory and department store personnel and found them to be valid in a concurrent validity study.…”

Social psychology and counseling psychology: The history, products, and promise of an interface.

“…Three propositions have guided and have been supported by much of the research: (a) Successful counseling relationships generate psychological convergence between counselor and client through a systematic developmental process; (b) ideas counselors introduce that are discrepant from clients' understandings stimulate change; and (c) clients' responsiveness to counselors is a function of their dependence on the counselors. These social influence dynamics underlie the processes and outcomes of counseling relationships regardless of the clinical theory that guides the counselors' work.From visionary beginnings in the 1950s (Robinson, 1955), an interface has emerged between social psychology and counseling and clinical psychology (…”