The Dynamic Inflammatory Tissue Microenvironment: Signality and Disease Therapy by Biomaterials

Abstract

Tissue regeneration is an active multiplex process involving the dynamic inflammatory microenvironment. Under a normal physiological framework, inflammation is necessary for the systematic immunity including tissue repair and regeneration as well as returning to homeostasis. Inflammatory cellular response and metabolic mechanisms play key roles in the well-orchestrated tissue regeneration. If this response is dysregulated, it becomes chronic, which in turn causes progressive fibrosis, improper repair, and autoimmune disorders, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Therefore, understanding of the complex inflammatory multiple player responses and their cellular metabolisms facilitates the latest insights and brings novel therapeutic methods for early diseases and modern health challenges. This review discusses the recent advances in molecular interactions of immune cells, controlled shift of pro- to anti-inflammation, reparative inflammatory metabolisms in tissue regeneration, controlling of an unfavorable microenvironment, dysregulated inflammatory diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies including the use of biomaterials, which expand therapeutic views and briefly denote important gaps that are still prevailing.

Nanotheranostics-An Emerging Technique in Nanomedicine

“…This modification made the process of diagnosis much easier and faster as MMP-13 causes the separation of quencher and dye resulting in the emission of detection signal [62]. Joints have protein matrix that are quite dense and for the nanoparticles to diffuse, their sizes was kept 20nm [63]. When administered through intra articular injection these particles showed good detection of high expression of MMP-13 and therapeutic abilities [64].…”

Engineering Injectable Anti‐Inflammatory Hydrogels to Treat Acute Myocardial Infarction

“…A review of 2021 presented the importance of inflammation for systemic immunity including tissue repair and regeneration and restoring homeostasis, emphasizing that impaired effect of dysregulated inflammatory responses on tissue repair as well as the latest biomaterial therapies for tissue regeneration. [ 19 ] Therefore, there is an urgent need to spatially adjust the inflammatory response to reduce the number of white blood cells and acute inflammation to prevent the spread of inflammatory factors to the noninfarcted areas.…”

Programming of Regulatory T Cells In Situ for Nerve Regeneration and Long-Term Patency of Vascular Grafts

“…However, inflammationmediated remolding of the graft can also occur during this process [14][15][16]. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are immunosuppressive T cells that can counteract excessive inflammation, maintain immune homeostasis [17], modulate the proliferation and differentiation of tissue-resident stem cells after injury, and play important roles in organ transplantation [18][19][20]. Ten eleven translocation (TET) proteins and DNA modification exert a pervasive influence on immune cell development and function.…”